XRD results indicated that there are two kinds of grains with their sizes of approximately 20 nm that is independent of film thickness and substrate temperature. One has a diffraction plane with an interplanar distance of 1.12 nm and with its orientation parallel to the substrate, whereas the SB525334 in vitro other has a diffraction plane with an interplanar distance of 1.24 nm and with that inclined mainly by 60 to the substrate. The abundant ratio of the two grains was controlled to some extent by varying film thickness and substrate temperature. Cross-sectional SEM images showed that a part of Zn (OEP) molecules are incorporated into PEDOT:

PSS for its film thickness smaller than 130 nm, while that Zn (OEP) whiskers begin to grow for

its film thickness exceeding 130 nm. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI:10.1063/1.3182723]“
“In this study, polyelectrolyte complex (PELC) membranes prepared by the Simultaneous interfacial reaction between aqueous solutions of sodium cellulose sulfate (NaCS) as polyanion and poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) (PDMDAAC) as polycation were proposed. The preparation Selleckchem DMH1 conditions were optimized. The influence of two important factors, molecular weight (MW) of PDMDAAC and reaction time on the membrane formation procedure and permeability was investigated. Membranes with the preparation conditions as NaCS 3.5% (w/v), PDMDAAC (MW = 200-350 kDa) 70% (w/v), the reaction time 30 min, hold a favorable performance, and steady state in water flux experiment. To testify the feasibility of the membrane used in salt separation, membrane performances and selectivity of the inorganic salts as well as their relations to the preparation conditions, the operation

parameters, the species of inorganic salts, etc., were investigated click here in the pressure-driven experiments. The results showed that this single-layer PELC membrane afforded higher rejections of divalent ions (SO(4)(2-)) to that of monovalent ions (Cl(-)), which indicated the potential application of this membrane system in the salt rejection process. (c) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 112: 402-409, 2009″
“Background Liver disease is an increasing cause of morbidity and mortality in Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive patients.

Aim To describe the first cases of organ transplantation in HIV positive patients in Ireland.

Method We report the Irish patients with HIV who received liver transplantation and performed a chart review.

Result Two patients received liver transplantation for end stage liver disease caused by Hepatitis C, with survival at 2 years of 100%.

Conclusion Liver transplantation is a feasible treatment for patients with HIV and end stage liver disease. The success of transplantation in the HIV positive population should encourage the provision of other medical and surgical interventions previously not offered to patients with HIV.

We evaluated whether lanthanum carbonate could control phosphate levels in patients on CAPD.

Methods: In this 48-week open-label prospective study, 28 patients on CAPD with a phosphate level of 6 mg/dL or greater were given lanthanum carbonate titrated from 750 mg to 2250 mg daily to achieve a target serum phosphate level of less than 6 mg/dL. The primary efficacy endpoint was reduction of serum phosphate to less than 6 mg/dL. Serum levels of calcium JQEZ5 molecular weight and parathyroid hormone were also evaluated, as were the CaxP product

and adverse effects.

Results: From week 4 to the end of the study at week 48, we observed a significant reduction of serum phosphate to 5.25 +/- 0.97 mg/dL from 6.88 +/- 1.06 mg/dL at study start (p < 0.01). At the end of the study, 78.6% of participants had achieved the target of less than 6 mg/dL. Because no change of serum calcium occurred, the CaxP product declined significantly during the study. Intact parathyroid hormone declined gradually over the study period, but the change had not HDAC inhibitor reached significance at the end of the study (p = 0.11). The mean final dose of lanthanum carbonate was 946 mg daily. The only adverse effect reported was mild nausea in 1 patient.

Conclusions: Lanthanum carbonate is an effective phosphate binder that can control serum phosphate and CaxP product in CAPD patients with hyperphosphatemia. Lanthanum carbonate was

well tolerated in our population.”
“The purpose of the study was to investigate whether dietary intake of curcumin can inhibit the onset and progression of seizures and their associated pathophysiology in experimental FeCl(3)-induced epileptogenesis. Curcumin was considered for this study because it can cross the blood-brain barrier and bind redox-active metal ions. It is also well known for its antioxidative, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. In the present study, seizures were induced by intracortical injection of FeCl(3) into young rats. Synchronized check details video/EEG recordings were obtained to diagnose the progression of seizures. Short-term treatment with a curcumin-supplemented diet (1500 ppm w/w) significantly

inhibited the onset of grade III and IV seizures in rats with iron-induced epilepsy. The lower dose of curcumin (500 ppm) was not effective in inhibiting grade III seizures, but retarded the onset and progression of generalized seizures. The seizure-suppressing potential of curcumin is explained by the observed biochemical, behavioral, and ultrastructural results. Our results indicate that curcumin significantly prevents generalization of electroclinical seizure activity as well as the pathogenesis associated with iron-induced epileptogenesis. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Inc.”
“InxAl1-xN epilayers (similar to 200 nm thick) under different strain states were grown on GaN templates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. When the strain is small (0.166 < x < 0.

“
“Objective. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a severe neurological disease and its risk factors remain largely unknown. A meta-analysis A-1331852 mw was carried out to investigate the relationship of overweight and obesity with PD. Methods.

We used PubMed, EMBASE, and the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases to identify studies of associations between overweight/obesity and PD. Overweight, obesity, and PD were used as keywords, and published works were retrieved until September 30, 2013. The extracted data were classified (BMI >= 30, 25 <= BMI < 30, and BMI < 25) according to BMI values and analyzed using RevMan5.2 and Stata11.0. Results. Four cohort studies and three case-control studies were used to evaluate the association between overweight/obesity and PD, including

2857 PD patients and 5, 683, 939 cases of non-PD controls. There was a statistically significant difference between 25 <= BMI < 30 and BMI < 25 in the cohort study (RR = 1.17, 95% CI, 1.03-1.32, P = 0.03), but there was no difference between BMI >= 30 and 25 <= BMI < 25 or BMI 30 and 25 <= BMI < 30, where the respective RR was 1.16 and 0.84; the respective 95% CI was 0.67-2.01 and 0.61-1.15, respectively, and the Pc values were 0.60 and 0.28, respectively. Case-control studies showed that there was no statistical difference between any two groups. Conclusion. Meta-analysis showed that overweight might be a potential risk factor of PD. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/LBH-589.html Demonstration of a causal role of overweight/obesity in PD development could have important therapeutic implications.”
“Background: This review examines histological modifications obtained after liver radiofrequency ablation (RFA).

Methods: A literature search has been undertaken for all pre-clinical and clinical studies involving RFA and in which ablation zones have been excised for a complete histological examination.

Results: Two main histological areas are present, a central zone of coagulative necrosis and a peripheral rim of congestion and extravasation.

Both corresponded to specific microscopic characteristics that evolved over time and PFTα order that are influenced by the proximity of patent vessels and the liver perfusion status. Viable cells are not present in the central zone but have been described in the ischemic peripheral rim where they survive the ischemia and inflammation process. These correspond in clinical studies to residual viable tumor cells that lead to failure of the procedure.

Conclusions: Histological changes following RFA are complex and interactions take place at both a cellular and tissue level. Changes in the peripheral zone must be considered in future studies in order to extend the volume of reliable tumor destruction and increase the effectiveness of the procedure. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

“
“The objective of this paper is to investigate the influence of shallow traps on the signals from Al(2)O(3):C,Mg obtained using time-resolved optically stimulated luminescence (TR-OSL) measurements through experiments selleck products and numerical simulations. TR-OSL measurements of Al(2)O(3):C,Mg were carried out and the resulting optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) curves were investigated as a function of the temperature. The numerical simulations were carried out using the rate-equations for a simplified model of Al(2)O(3):C,Mg containing

two types of luminescence centers with different luminescence lifetimes and three types of electron traps (a shallow trap, a main dosimetric trap, and a thermally disconnected deep trap). Both experimental results

and simulations show that the OSL signals during and between the stimulation pulses are affected by the presence of shallow traps. However, with an appropriate choice of timing parameters, the influence of shallow traps can be reduced by calculating the difference between the signals during and between stimulation pulses. Therefore, TR-OSL can be useful in dosimetry using materials having a large concentration of shallow traps and OSL components with short luminescence lifetimes, for example Al(2)O(3):C,Mg and BeO. Our results also show that the presence of shallow traps has to be taken into account when using the TR-OSL for discrimination between luminescence centers with different luminescence lifetimes, or separation between the Bafilomycin A1 solubility dmso OSL from different materials based on their characteristic luminescence lifetimes. The experimental results also show evidence of thermal assistance in the OSL process of Al(2)O(3):C,Mg. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3584791]“
“Background:

Comparative studies on dietary patterns and long-term mortality are sparse.

Objective: The objective was to examine the relations between 10-y mortality and adherence to the World Health Organization dietary guidelines [Healthy Diet Indicator (HDI)], selleck inhibitor a Mediterranean-like diet, and a carbohydrate-restricted (CR) diet in elderly Swedish men.

Design: Dietary habits were determined by 7-d dietary records in a population-based longitudinal study of 924 Swedish men (age: 71 +/- 1 y). The HDI score (-1 to 8 points), the Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS; 0-8 points), and the CR score (2-20 points) were calculated for each participant. Nonadequate reporters of energy intake were identified (n = 413). Mortality was registered during a median follow-up of 10.2 y. Cox proportional hazards regression, with multivariable adjustments, was used to determine the effects of adherence to each dietary pattern.

Results: Two hundred fifteen and 88 subjects died of all-cause and cardiovascular disease, respectively. In all individuals, risk relations to mortality for each SD increment in the scores were observed for only MDS, with an adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 0.

“
“Leprosy is still a worldwide public health problem. Brazil and India show the highest prevalence rates of the disease. Natural infection of armadillos Dasypus novemcinctus

with Mycobacterium leprae has been reported in some regions of the United States. Identification of bacilli is difficult, particularly due to its inability to grow in vitro. The use of molecular tools represents a fast and NVP-BSK805 mw sensitive alternative method for diagnosis of mycobacteriosis. In the present study, the diagnostic methods used were bacilloscopy, histopathology, microbiology, and PCR using specific primers for M. leprae repetitive sequences. PCR were performed using genomic DNA extracted from 138 samples of liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and skin of 44 D. novemcinctus, Euphractus sexcinctus, Cabassous unicinctus, and C. tatouay armadillos from the Middle Western region of the state of Sao Paulo and from the experimental station of Embrapa Pantanal, located in Pantanal da Nhecolandia of Mato Grosso do Sul state. Also, the molecular selleck screening library analysis of 19 samples from internal organs of other road killed species of wild animals, such as Nasua nasua (ring-tailed coati), Procyon cancrivoros (hand-skinned), Cerdocyon thous (dog-pity-bush), Cavia aperea (restless cavy), Didelphis albiventris (skunk), Sphigurrus spinosus (hedgehog), and Gallictis vittata (ferret) showed PCR negative data. None of the 157 analyzed

samples had shown natural mycobacterial infection. Only the armadillo inoculated with material collected from untreated multibacillary VX-661 concentration leprosy patient presented PCR positive and its genomic sequencing revealed 100% identity with M. leprae. According to these preliminary studies, based on the

used methodology, it is possible to conclude that wild mammals seem not to play an important role in the epidemiology of leprosy in the Middle Western region of the Sao Paulo state and in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul state.”
“Background Guidelines suggest tuberculosis (TB) prophylaxis in renal transplant recipients originating in endemic areas or in those at risk from non-endemic countries. Concern remains that these guidelines may fail to provide adequate prophylaxis for a cohort of patients who remain at potential risk. We aimed to determine variation patterns among different transplant units within the United Kingdom (UK) with regard to TB prophylaxis policy. Methods The renal pharmacist at each of the 25 UK renal transplant centers was contacted. Specific information was obtained relating to drug prophylaxis given, duration of treatment, as well as which transplant recipients were eligible for treatment. Results A 96% response rate (24/25 centers) was achieved. Prophylaxis regimens varied from no prophylaxis to isoniazid 300 mg given life-long. The most common duration of treatment was 6 months post transplantation (at 7 centers).

“
“Recent experimental results regarding the transport properties of ZnO/MgZnO heterostructures with very high mobility (mu <= 1.8 x 10(5)cm(2)/Vs) are analyzed. In the electron density range of the experiment, the two-dimensional electron gas in ZnO/MgZnO heterostructures is strongly correlated with a large Wigner-Seitz parameter

4 < r(s)< 12. We demonstrate that many-body effects (exchange and correlation), described by a local-field correction, are very large in this density range. They reduce the screening properties of the two-dimensional electron gas and strongly reduce the transport scattering time and the single-particle relaxation time at low electron densities. For such samples, we also discuss the peak mobility, Apoptosis Compound Library the metal-insulator selleck chemicals transition, and the magnetoresistance in a parallel magnetic field. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3622310]“
“Three studies were conducted to evaluate the effects

of supplemental fat and salt (sodium chloride) on DMI, daily water intake (DWI), body temperature, and respiration rate (RR) in Bos taurus beef cattle. In Exp. 1 and 2, whole soybeans (SB) were used as the supplemental fat source. In Exp. 3, palm kernel meal and tallow were used. Experiment 1 (winter) and Exp. 2 (summer) were undertaken in an outside feedlot. Experiment 3 was conducted in a climate-controlled facility (mean ambient temperature = 29.9 degrees C). In Exp. 1, three diets, 1) control; 2) salt (control + 1% sodium chloride); and 3) salt-SB (control + 5% SB + 1% sodium chloride), were fed to 144 cattle (BW = 327.7 kg), using a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square design. In Exp. 2, 168 steers (BW = 334.1 kg) were used. In Exp. 2, the same dietary treatments were used as in Exp. 1, and a 5% SB dietary treatment was included in an incomplete Pitavastatin 3 x 4 Latin square design. In Exp. 3, three diets, 1) control; 2) salt (control + 0.92% NaCl); and 3) salt-fat (control + 3.2% added fat

+ 0.92% NaCl) were fed to 12 steers (BW = 602 kg) in a replicated Latin square design. In Exp. 1, cattle fed the salt-SB diet had elevated (P < 0.05) tympanic temperature (TT; 38.83 degrees C) compared with cattle fed the control (38.56 degrees C) or salt (38.50 degrees C) diet. In Exp. 2, cattle fed the salt and salt-SB diets had less (P < 0.05) DMI and greater (P < 0.05) DWI than cattle in the control and SB treatments. Cattle fed the salt-SB diet had the greatest (P < 0.05) TT (38.89 degrees C). Those fed only the salt diet or only the SB diet had the least (P < 0.05) TT, at 38.72 and 38.78 degrees C, respectively. Under hot conditions (Exp. 3), DMI of steers fed the salt and salt-fat diets declined by approximately 40% compared with only 24% for the control cattle. During hot conditions, DWI was greatest (P < 0.05) for steers on the salt-fat diet. These steers also had the greatest (P < 0.05) mean rectal temperature (40.03 +/- 0.1 degrees C) and RR (112.7 +/- 1.7 breaths/min).

The results show that only the nonlocal elastic Timoshenko beam model can predict the small-scale effect on the dispersion of flexural wave in double-walled carbon nanotube when the wave number is large. Moreover, an estimation of the scale coefficient eo for the nonlocal elastic double Timoshenko beam model is suggested by validations

from the molecular dynamics simulations. The noncoaxial flexural vibration of the double-walled carbon selleck screening library nanotube can be observed from molecular dynamics simulations at high frequency range. The van der Waals interaction is found to have little effect on the noncoaxial flexural vibration of the carbon nanotube, and the nonlocal elastic Timoshenko beam theory is found to be inapplicable in modeling the noncoaxial wave propagation in carbon nanotubes. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3197857]“
“Background:

There is limited information comparing the results of fixed-bearing total knee replacement and mobile-bearing total knee replacement in patients with osteoarthritis who are younger than fifty-one years and who have a fixed-bearing implant in one knee and a mobile-bearing implant in the other. The purpose of this study was to compare our long-term clinical and radiographic results of fixed-bearing total knee replacement and mobile-bearing total knee replacement GANT61 in a group of patients from this population.

Methods: We prospectively compared the results of 108 patients with osteoarthritis who were younger than fifty-one years (mean age, forty-five years) who had received a fixed-bearing prosthesis in one knee and a rotating platform mobile-bearing prosthesis in the other. The mean follow-up was 16.8 years (range, fifteen to eighteen years). The patients were assessed clinically and radiographically. Knee motion and function were assessed as a primary outcome. Patients were assessed with questionnaires, and each knee was assessed separately.

Results: Although there was significant improvement in both groups of knees, there was no significant difference between

the groups high throughput screening assay (i.e., fixed-bearing and mobile-bearing knees) with regard to the mean postoperative knee motion (126 degrees and 128 degrees, respectively; p = 0.79), the mean Knee Society knee clinical score (95 and 94 points, respectively; p = 0.79), or the Knee Society knee functional score (84 and 85 points, respectively; p = 0.19) at the latest follow-up. In the fixed-bearing group, one knee was revised because of infection, two for aseptic loosening of the tibial component, and two because of wear of the tibial polyethylene insert. In the rotating platform mobile-bearing group, two knees were revised because of instability and one because of infection. The Kaplan-Meier survivorship for revision at 16.

We used indirect calorimetry (IC) to collect BMR data and multifrequency bioelectrical impedance to collect body composition data. Our sample population consisted of 193 patients of whom 130 were clinically severe obese and 63 were normal/overweight individuals. BMR results were compared with the following predictive formulas: Harris-Benedict (HBE), Bobbioni-Harsch (BH), Cunningham (CUN), Mifflin-St. Jeor (MSJE), and Horie-Waitzberg & Gonzalez (HW & G). This study was approved by the Ethics Committee for Research of

the University of Brasilia. Statistical analysis was used to compare and correlate variables.

Clinically severe obese patients had higher absolute BMR values Adavosertib solubility dmso and lower adjusted BMR values (p < 0.0001). A positive correlation between fat-free mass and a negative correlation between body fat percentage and BMR were found in both groups. Among the clinically severe obese patients, the formulas of HW & G and HBE overestimated BMR values (p = 0.0002 and p = 0.0193, respectively), while the BH and CUN underestimated this value; only the MSJE formulas showed similar results to those of IC.

The clinically severe obese patients showed low BMR levels when adjusted per kilogram per body weight. Body composition may influence BMR. The use of the

MSJE formula may be helpful in those cases where it is impossible to use IC.”
“Background: In the last decade several authors have reviewed the features of pilot and feasibility studies and advised on the RG-7388 issues that should be addressed check details within them. We extend this literature by examining published pilot/feasibility trials that incorporate random allocation, examining their stated objectives, results presented and conclusions drawn, and comparing drug and non-drug trials.

Methods: A search of EMBASE and MEDLINE databases for 2000 to 2009 revealed 3652 papers that met our search criteria. A random sample of 50 was selected for detailed review.

Results: Most of the papers focused on efficacy:

those reporting drug trials additionally addressed safety/toxicity; while those reporting non-drug trials additionally addressed methodological issues. In only 56% (95% confidence intervals 41% to 70%) were methodological issues discussed in substantial depth, 18% (95% confidence interval 9% to 30%) discussed future trials and only 12% (95% confidence interval 5% to 24%) of authors were actually conducting one.

Conclusions: Despite recent advice on topics that can appropriately be described as pilot or feasibility studies the large majority of recently published papers where authors have described their trial as a pilot or addressing feasibility do not primarily address methodological issues preparatory to planning a subsequent study, and this is particularly so for papers reporting drug trials.

Sixty-three patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with low and high doses of atorvastatin were included. Levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol were measured at baseline and at 12 months of follow-up. Baseline levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) were classified as deficient (<30 nmol/L), insufficient (30-50 nmol/L), and normal (>50 nmol/L). In patients with 25-OHD <30 nmol/L, there were no significant changes in levels of total cholesterol (173 +/- 47 mg/dL versus

164 +/- 51 mg/dL), triglycerides (151 +/- 49 mg/dL versus 177 +/- 94 mg/dL), and LDL cholesterol (111 +/- 48 mg/dL versus 92 45 +/- mg/dL); whereas patients with insufficient (30-50 nmol/L) and normal vitamin D (>50 nmol/L) had Ganetespib molecular weight a good response to atorvastatin. We suggest that vitamin D concentrations >30 nmol/L may be required for atorvastatin to reduce lipid levels in patients with acute myocardial infarction.”
“Background: Network meta-analysis (NMA), a generalization of conventional MA, allows for assessing the relative effectiveness of multiple interventions. Reporting bias is a major threat to the validity of MA and NMA. Numerous methods

are available to assess the robustness of MA results to reporting bias. We aimed to extend such methods to NMA.

Methods: We introduced 2 adjustment models for Bayesian NMA. First, we extended a meta-regression model that allows the effect size to depend on its standard error. Second, we used a selection model that estimates the propensity of trial results being published MGCD0103 purchase and in which trials with lower propensity are weighted up in the NMA model. Both models

rely on the assumption that biases are exchangeable across the network. We applied the models to 2 networks of placebo-controlled trials of 12 antidepressants, with 74 trials in the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) database but only 51 with published results. NMA and adjustment models were used to estimate the effects of the 12 drugs relative to placebo, the 66 effect sizes for all possible pair-wise comparisons between drugs, probabilities of being the best drug and ranking of drugs. PF-00299804 chemical structure We compared the results from the 2 adjustment models applied to published data and NMAs of published data and NMAs of FDA data, considered as representing the totality of the data.

Results: Both adjustment models showed reduced estimated effects for the 12 drugs relative to the placebo as compared with NMA of published data. Pair-wise effect sizes between drugs, probabilities of being the best drug and ranking of drugs were modified. Estimated drug effects relative to the placebo from both adjustment models were corrected (i.e., similar to those from NMA of FDA data) for some drugs but not others, which resulted in differences in pair-wise effect sizes between drugs and ranking.

001) and without CAD (p<0.01). Linear regression analysis revealed significant correlations between M and log HOMA IR (r=-0.3412; p<0.02) and QUICKI (r=0.4078; p<0.003), and between waist circumference (WC) and log HOMA IR (r=0.4637) and QUICKI (r=-0.4680) both p<0.001. We concluded that patients with CAD were more insulin resistant than patients without CAD. As glucose tolerance declined, insulin resistance Akt inhibitor drugs worsened. Log HOMA IR and QUICKI were comparable to the hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic glucose clamp

and these surrogate indices provided a valid method to estimate insulin sensitivity/resistance in our patients.”
“In tobacco, 9-divinyl ethers (DVEs) produced by the lipoxygenase NtLOX1 and DVE Lonafarnib molecular weight synthase NtDES1 are important for full resistance to pathogens. In this work, the regulation of NtLOX1 and NtDES1 expression by signal molecules was investigated in LOX1 promoter-reporter transgenic plants and by RT-qPCR. Methyl jasmonate, ACC and elicitor were shown to coordinately trigger the DVE pathway. Induction was strongly attenuated in the presence

of salicylic acid, which seems to act as a negative regulator of the 9-DVE biosynthetic enzymes. Our data suggest that, in tobacco, DVE biosynthesis is cross-regulated by jasmonates, and by other hormonal and signal molecules such as ethylene and SA. (c) 2010 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.”
“This work aimed to isolate fungal strains from Brazilian Selleckchem MEK162 fruits and select potential biocatalysts

for the bioconversion of the monoterpenes citronellol, limonene, linalool, and geraniol. Among the 36 fungal strains isolated, 12 were capable to convert citronellol into rose oxide and its isomers, while the biotransformation of limonene led to the formation of 2 derivatives of high market value, carvone and alpha-terpineol. Furthermore, geraniol was converted into 2 new products and linalool into linalool oxide, ocimenol, geraniol, and also alpha-terpineol by using several strains. Accordingly, the microorganisms LB-2025, LB-2036, and LB-2038 were selected for further experiments and identified as Penicillium sp., Penicillium sp., and Aspergillus sp., respectively. Induction studies with substrates and products have been evaluated and the production of rose oxide was enhanced from 5- to 8-fold, while the products originated from the biotransformation of limonene have not changed. Thus, this work demonstrates the biotechnological production of new flavor compounds.”
“Fruits represent a key innovation of the flowering plants that facilitates seed dispersal. In many species of the plant family Brassicaceae dehiscent fruits develop in which seed dispersal occurs through a process termed ‘pod-shatter’. In the case of dehiscence, the fruit opens during fruit maturation.