Although overall mortality appears to be higher among transgender individuals, this in not attributed to hormonal treatment but to other causes mostly related to lifestyle habits.”
“Nail cosmetics and adornments

are widely used in today’s society. However, their histologic features are not well characterized. Routine histologic examination and polarization of nail plate specimens in our academic dermatopathology practice at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania revealed 3 distinct histologic patterns of nail cosmetics: a hyperpigmented pattern with diffuse fine granular material, a layered pattern with a single linear band of polarizable material, and a hyperpigmented pattern with larger granules containing flecks of polarizable material. In our experience, submitting clinicians rarely indicate the patient’s use of nail polish selleck kinase inhibitor or other enhancements. Recognition of the histologic features of nail cosmetics is important to prevent confusion with dermatoses affecting the nail unit, and it will help dermatopathologists render more accurate diagnoses.”
“Objective:

To assess if the presence of a lower pole stone (LPS) decreases the stone-free (SF) rate following retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS). INCB028050 The second purpose was to assess the result of RIRS for LPS and to identify predictors of SF status. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 205 procedures in 162 patients with renal stones treated by RIRS between January 2010 and January 2013 at a single institute. The SF status was defined as no residual fragments. Independent-sample t-tests and Chi-square tests were used for comparisons of means and proportions, respectively, between patients with

or without LPS. Logistic regression models were used to assess prognostic factors influencing GSK621 research buy SF status in cases of LPS. Results: LPS were present in 89 (54.9%) patients. There were no differences between patients with or without LPS regarding the mean operative time (p=0.77), the surgeon’s experience (p=0.522), the length of hospital stay (p=0.269), and the SF rate (p=0.224). SF status after RIRS in patients with or without LPS was 74.1% and 78% (p=0.224), respectively. In the case of LPS, the presence of multiple stones and a history of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) were predictive factors for occurrence of residual fragments in univariate analysis (p=0.037 and p=0.015). In multivariable analysis, only the presence of multiple stones remained as a predictive factor (p=0.027; HR=3.2), whereas a trend was observed when there was a history of PCNL (p=0.07; HR=3). Conclusion: The presence of a LPS does not alter the SF rate of RIRS even in cases of early experience. RIRS for LPS appears to be an effective technique, but special attention should be given to patients with multiple stones and/or a history of PCNL.”
“SETTING: Iasi County, Romania.

The heritability estimate of all fat area percentage at the HBL (0.70 +/- 0.03) was significantly greater than at the 56TV (0.53 +/- 0.03) or the LTV (0.55 +/- 0.04). Furthermore, the heritability estimate of subcutaneous fat areas at the HBL (0.71 +/- 0.04) was greater than at the 56TV (0.56 +/- 0.04) or LTV (0.60 +/- 0.03). Moreover, high heritabilities were estimated for ultrasound backfat thickness (BF; 0.72 +/- 0.03) on the

left side at the position of HBL, intramuscular fat content of the loin (0.51 +/- 0.03), the seam fat score (SFS; 0.49 +/- 0.04), and the serum leptin concentration this website (0.62 +/- 0.05). Increased genetic correlations of BF with the fat area percentage of subcutaneous fat and all fat at 56TV (0.90 +/- 0.03 and 0.91 +/- 0.03), at HBL (0.88 +/- 0.03 and 0.94 +/- 0.01), and at LTV (0.88 +/- 0.03 and 0.90 +/- 0.02) were estimated. The genetic correlations of serum leptin concentration with the percentage of subcutaneous fat area and all fat areas at each position were also high (0.72 to 0.82 and 0.83 to 0.84, respectively). These results suggest that BF and leptin are good indicators of selection for decreasing fat deposition. Increased

genetic correlation of the SFS with intermuscular fat area at 56TV (0.74) suggests that SFS is an effective indicator for decreasing intermuscular fat. The genetic correlation between the leptin concentration and feed conversion ratio was high (0.75 +/- 0.04). Results of this study indicate that the combination of BF and buy Prexasertib serum leptin concentration is a valuable indicator that can be incorporated into selection programs to improve carcass quality and feed

efficiency in pigs.”
“Implant-associated infection is caused by surface-adhering bacteria persisting as biofilm. Periprosthetic joint infection is difficult to diagnose and treat. The high susceptibility of implanted devices to infection is because of a locally acquired host defense Silmitasertib defect, and persistence is mainly because of the rapid formation of a biofilm resistant to host defense and antimicrobial agents. Successful treatment of periprosthetic joint infection requires the optimal surgical procedure combined with long-term antimicrobial therapy directed against surface-adhering microorganisms. Surgical treatment according to an algorithm has been validated in several observational studies. The role of rifampin against device-associated staphylococcal infection has been evaluated in an animal model, in observational studies and in a controlled trial. Given the limited efficacy of traditional antibiotics in implant-associated infections, novel strategies such as coating of the device, vaccination against biofilms, and quorum-sensing inhibitors are promising future options for prevention and treatment.”
“The effect of extraction and isolation on the physicochemical and functional properties of gingerbread plum seed protein isolate was studied.

Strain annealing, Linsitinib concentration application of tension to produce uniform strain and subsequent high temperature annealing, was carried out to study the effect of “”strain induced boundary migration”" on AGG. A small amount of texture variation resulted, but no significant AGG was observed during tension annealing. During strain annealing, no texture or grain size variation was observed in the gauge region of uniform strain in the sample; however, abnormally grown Goss-texture was observed in regions of high stress concentration outside of the gauge region of the sample. (C) 2011 American

Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3565419]“
“Directly starting from L-lactic acid (LA) and L-aspartic acid (Asp), biodegradable material poly(lactic acid-co-aspartic acid) [P(LA-co-Asp)] was synthesized via melt polycondensation. The synthetic conditions, including type and dosage of catalyst, temperature, and time of copolymerization, and influence of molar feed ratio were discussed. The eFT508 MAPK inhibitor structure and properties of the copolymer were systematically

characterized with FTIR, (1)H-NMR, GPC, DSC, and XRD. With the increase of Asp in the feed, [eta] and M(w) decreased, and the crystallinity of the copolymer disappeared gradually. Compared to the homopolymer, poly(L-lactic acid) synthesized via melt polycondensation and the copolymer P(LA-co-Asp) had a higher glass-transition temperature (T(g)). The copolymer P(LA-co-Asp) with Mw of 4400-24300 Da was obtained, which could meet the demand as a drug-delivery carrier material. Compared to the ring-opening polymerization of the cyclic intermediates, including lactide, the novel direct copolycondensation method was a cheap and practical method for the synthesis of copolymer P(LA-co-Asp) as biomedical materials. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 121: 3662-3668, 2011″
“Global positioning system (GPS) technologies collect unprecedented

volumes of animal location data, providing ever greater insight into animal behaviour. Selleck Rapamycin Despite a certain degree of inherent imprecision and bias in GPS locations, little synthesis regarding the predominant causes of these errors, their implications for ecological analysis or solutions exists. Terrestrial deployments report 37 per cent or less non-random data loss and location precision 30 m or less on average, with canopy closure having the predominant effect, and animal behaviour interacting with local habitat conditions to affect errors in unpredictable ways. Home-range estimates appear generally robust to contemporary levels of location imprecision and bias, whereas movement paths and inferences of habitat selection may readily become misleading.

Trained anesthesiologists with the skills required for pediatric and neonatal anesthesia as well as basic monitoring equipment such as pulse oximetry will go a long way to improve the unacceptably high anesthetic mortality.”
“We https://www.selleckchem.com/products/dinaciclib-sch727965.html report a case of asymptomatic congenital toxoplasmosis following a periconceptional infection of the mother. Fetal infection is very uncommon in such a situation, and mostly associated with fetal damage. We recommend that newborns undergo postnatal screening, even after maternal periconceptional infection, and receive

specific therapy to reduce long-term sequelae.”
“Introduction:

Several studies demonstrated the benefits of rehabilitation in uraemic patients. This study evaluates physical and psychosocial effects of exercise on renal transplant recipients (RTRs).

Patients and BMS-345541 mouse methods:

Eight RTRs were evaluated before and after an exercise training consisting of thirty 40-minute sessions, three times a week, performed with the interval training technique.

Results:

Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) significantly decreased (p < 0.04 and < 0.008, respectively). Quality of life mean scores (SF-36 test) significantly increased (p < 0.000). No differences were recorded for muscle and fat mass, maximal explosive power of the lower limbs, alkaline and acid phosphatase, parathormone (PTH), myoglobin, lipoprotein-A,

glomerular filtration rate (GFR), at rest heart rate, and cardiac troponin.

IL-6 decreased from 2.8 +/- 0.6 to 1.7 +/- 0.5 pg/mL (p < 0.01). Resting MAP fell from 112 +/- 4 to 99 +/- 3 mmHg (p < 0.02). The metabolic threshold rose from 33 +/- 4 to 43 +/- 5% (p < 0.033). The blood lactate level at peak exercise increased from 5.2 +/- 0.9 to 6.2 +/- 0.7 mmol/L (p < 0.012). The maximum oxygen uptake increased from 1200 +/- 210 to 1359 +/- 202 mL/min (p < PARP activation 0.05), iso-load oxygen uptake decreased from 1110 +/- 190 to 1007 +/- 187 mL/min (p < 0.034). The maximum working capacity increased from 90 +/- 14 to 115 +/- 15 watts (p < 0.000).

Conclusion:

This study suggests that an appropriate dose of physical training is a useful, safe and non-pharmacologic contribution to RTR treatment.”
“Alexithymia refers to a person’s inability to identify and describe feelings. We present a patient who developed alexithymia after carbon monoxide poisoning following a suicide attempt by burning charcoal in an enclosed space. Brain computed tomography revealed bilateral globus pallidus hypoxic lesions. Because of the time frame and the presence of brain structural lesions, the alexithymia in this patient was thought to be caused by bilateral globus pallidus hypoxic lesions resulting from carbon monoxide poisoning. The alexithymia in this patient did not respond to a variety of psychotropic drugs, including sertraline, venalfaxine, bupropion or methylphenidate.

Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided among four groups: group A, normal diet; group B, normal diet plus T-2 toxin; group C, low-nutrition diet; and group D, low-nutrition diet plus T-2 toxin exposure. The radiographic and histopathological changes in the tibial growth Dehydrogenase inhibitor zone, plate cartilage and metaphysis were examined.

Results: In group D, all epiphyseal plates were blurred, thin, and irregular. Tibias were significantly shorter in group D than in groups A and B. After 4 weeks, epiphyseal plates showed chondrocyte necrosis, with the more obvious necrosis appearing in groups

C and D. The positive rate of lamellar necrosis was significantly higher in group D than in groups B and A (P < 0.01). In group D, metaphyseal trabecular bone was sparse, disordered, and disrupted, and massive transverse trabecular bone appeared in the metaphysis at 12 weeks.

Conclusions: A rat model of KBD induced by a low-nutrition diet and T-2 toxin exposure demonstrated radiographic and histopathological abnormalities of the proximal epiphyseal plate and the tibial metaphysis that are very similar to the bone changes

found in patients with KBD. This animal model will be helpful for further study of the pathogenesis and prevention of KBD. (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Osteoarthritis Vactosertib Research Society International.”
“SETTING: Damien Foundation Bangladesh tuberculosis (TB) control projects.

OBJECTIVES: To compare 25% sulphuric acid in water (H(2)SO(4)) with hydrochloric acid in water

(HCl) to differentiate acid-fast bacilli in sputum smears stained Tozasertib ic50 with 1% carbolfuchsin.

DESIGN: For 1 year, all 158 microscopy laboratories used either H(2)SO(4) or 3 %/6%/10% HCl for their routine work, alternating monthly between H(2)SO(4) and HCl. Each month a sample of five smears per laboratory was rechecked blind. After recording qualitative staining aspects, all sample smears were restained before rechecking, using H(2)SO(4) for destaining.

RESULTS: A total of 368 059 H(2)SO(4) and 335 436 HCl smears were routinely read, yielding 7.2% positive or scanty results in both groups. Of these, 9492 were rechecked. There was no difference in false-negatives detected (0.66%, 95%CI 0.44-0.95 for H(2)SO(4) vs. 0.68%, 95%CI 0.46-0.98 for HCl), but apparently there were more false-positives with H(2)SO(4) (2.12%, 95%CI 0.92-4.14 vs. 0.28%, 95%CI 0.00-1.54, P = 0.05). Qualitatively, only 3% HCl yielded significantly inferior differentiation results.

CONCLUSIONS: HCl 6-10% in water can be recommended for Ziehl-Neelsen destaining above H(2)SO(4).

We compared changes

in whole-body insulin sensitivity, which we assessed using the insulin sensitivity index derived from the oral-glucose-tolerance test (ISIOGTT); glucose tolerance; body composition; plasma lipids; reproductive hormones; health-related quality of life; and menstrual cycle regularity.

Results: The attrition rate was high in both groups (49%). Among completers, ISIOGTT improved more with the low-GI diet than with the conventional healthy diet PLX4032 molecular weight (mean +/- SEM: 2.2 +/- 0.7 compared with 0.7 +/- 0.6, respectively; P = 0.03). There was a significant diet-metformin interaction (P = 0.048), with greater improvement in ISIOGTT among women prescribed both metformin and the low-GI diet. Compared with women who consumed the conventional healthy diet, more women who consumed the low-GI diet showed improved menstrual cyclicity (95% compared with 63%, respectively; P = 0.03). Among the biochemical measures, only serum fibrinogen concentrations showed significant differences between diets (P < 0.05).

Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first objective evidence to justify the use of low-GI diets in the management of PCOS. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 92: 83-92.”
“Recently, a differential dual spin valve (DDSV) has been proposed to enhance the

downtrack resolution for the application in the hard disk Selleck SU5402 drive recording at 10 Tb/in(2) and beyond. The following key issues for the implementation of a high-quality DDSV have been addressed. I. Formation of the antiparallel arrangement of the reference magnetization of two spin valves (SVs) with high pinning stability. Fosbretabulin concentration II. Differential effect of a DDSV. To

achieve perfect differential effect in a DDSV, not only should two SVs have the same giant magnetoresistance effect, but their free-layer (FL) magnetization should also respond to a field identically. Using 2.4 nm ruthenium as the gap layer to form a ferromagnetic interlayer coupling between FLs, a good differential effect is achieved. III. Quasistatic characterization of a DDSV. As there is no output from a DDSV under a uniform field, it would be difficult to evaluate performances of a DDSV. By varying the annealing field direction, field response of each SV as well as differential effect can be identified. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3540414]“
“In this study, we examined the effect of vanadium pentoxide (V(2)O(5)) on the mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/V(2)O(5) nanocomposites. The PVA/V(2)O(5) nanocomposites were prepared by solution mixing, followed by film casting.

51 +/- 14.69 mm(3) using Scheimpflug imaging; there was a significant linear correlation (r = 0.878, P < .0001). The mean entire ACV on CAS-OCT was 165.15 +/- 29.29 nnm(3). The ICCs of the 8.0 mm and entire ACV measurements were greater than 0.94. The coefficients

of repeatability and reproducibility of the 8.0 mm ACV and entire ACV measurements were less than 5%. In the patient group, the 8.0 mm and entire ACV measurements showed good reproducibility and repeatability.

CONCLUSIONS: The CAS-OCT method allowed noninvasive measurement of the entire ACV with SCH772984 datasheet sufficient repeatability and reproducibility. The 8.0 mm ACV measurements with CAS-OCT and Scheimpflug imaging were comparable.”
“Reverse characteristics of vertical-type Au/p-diamond

(100) Schottky barrier diodes were investigated and characterized with cathodoluminescence, which showed a correlation with crystalline defects. Electrical measurements revealed that most diodes had low reverse current below 0.1 pA in the bias voltage range up to 50 V, although reverse current increases rapidly in some diodes and reaches 0.1 mA at 10 V. A four-fold symmetrical luminescence pattern that aligned Selleckchem Screening Library crystallographically to the substrate was observed from the Schottky diodes, showing large reverse current. Removal of these defects is a key issue to increase the diode area of diamond-based rectifiers. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3626791]“
“Modification of composites was a general method to improve their tribological behaviors. On the way to explore composites with enhanced tribological behaviors, we have successfully prepared hybrid PTFE/Nomex fabric/phenolic composite filled with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) or MWCNTs modified by polystyrene (PS) with a grafting to method. The results of pin-on-disc type wear tests indicated tribological behaviors were improved both for hybrid PTFE/Nomex fabric/phenolic composite filled with MWCNTs and MWCNTs-PS, especially for that of filled with MWCNTs-PS. And the probable

reason was also discussed based on the characterization results. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, RepSox clinical trial Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012″
“Background: Open lung biopsy (OLB) is helpful in the management of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) of unknown etiology. We deter-mine the impact of surgical lung biopsies performed at the bedside on the management of patients with ARDS.

Methods: We reviewed all consecutive cases of patients with ARDS who underwent a surgical OLB at the bedside in a medical intensive care unit between 1993 and 2005.

Results: Biopsies were performed in 19 patients mechanically ventilated for ARDS of unknown etiology despite extensive diagnostic process and empirical therapeutic trials. Among them, 17 (89%) were immunocompromised and 10 patients experienced hematological malignancies. Surgical biopsies were obtained after a median (25%-75%) mechanical ventilation of 5 (2-11) days; mean (+/- SD) Pao(2)/Fio(2) ratio was 119.

001), but did not vary by HIV status or ART use. Genotypic data were available for 40 successive diagnoses, of which 19 had matching M. tuberculosis strains. Matching strains were associated with HIV-negative status (P < 0.001), treatment interruption/failure

(P = 0.04) and shorter intervals between diagnoses (P = 0.02). HIV-positive patients and patients on ART were more likely to have non-matched strains (P = 0.01 and P = 0.03).

CONCLUSION: Among HIV-negative patients, retreatment TB was predominantly due to reactivation following poor initial treatment outcomes. In HIV-positive patients re-infection TB was more common, particularly among those on ART.”
“OBJECTIVE : To examine whether hypovitaminosis D is a risk factor for the development

of tuberculosis AZD2014 order (TB) associated immune reconstitution inflammatory Proteasome inhibitor syndrome (IRIS).

METHODS: We measured serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25D) concentrations in four groups of patients at Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda: 1) patients co-infected with TB and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) receiving anti-tuberculosis treatment (HIV+TB+; n = 92) who did and did not develop TB-IRIS after starting antiretroviral treatment (ART), 2) HIV-infected patients without TB (HIV+TB-; n = 20) starting ART, 3) non-HIV-infected individuals with TB (HIV+TB+; n = 27), and 4) those without TB (HIV-TB-; n = 23).

RESULTS: The prevalence of optimal 25D levels (>75 nmol/l) was as follows: 59% in HIV+TB+, 65% in HIV+TB-, 63% in HIV-TB+ and 35% in HIV-TB- patients. 25D concentrations decreased during the first 3 months of ART in HIV+TB+ individuals who developed IRIS (P = 0.005) and those who did not (P = 0.002), and in HIV+TB- individuals (P = 0.015); however, 25D concentration in patients who did or did not develop TB-IRIS did not differ.

CONCLUSION: The prevalence of optimal vitamin

D status was relatively high in HIV-infected patients with and without TB MLN2238 living near the equator. No difference in 25D concentrations was observed between TB-IRIS and non-IRIS. However, 25D concentrations decreased during ART.”
“SETTING: All India Institute of Medical Sciences and Rajan Babu Institute of Pulmonary Medicine and Tuberculosis, New Delhi, India.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms and scrum 25(OH)D with susceptibility to, and response to treatment of, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in comparison with drug-susceptible pulmonary TB (DS-PTB) and healthy controls.

DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: A total of 897 participants from northern India were consecutively enrolled into three groups (MDR-TB 354, DS-PTB 338, controls 205). Genotypic and allelic frequencies of FokI, BsmI and TaqI VDR polymorphisms, and serum 25(OH)D, calcium and intact parathyroid hormone were measured in all participants.

The Mn3+ introduced at the square-planar 6b site promotes the valence LCL161 mixing of Mn3+ and Mn4+

ions at the octahedral 8c site, leading to an increase in the bonding distances in the MnO6 octahedron and a slight decrease in the distances in the CuO4 polyhedron. All the compounds present a spontaneous increase in the magnetization below T-C, typical of ferro-or ferrimagnetic materials. Due to the increasing content of Mn3+ at the 8c sites, some Mn-Mn exchange interactions switch from ferromagnetic (FM) to antiferromagnetic (AFM), weakening the overall FM exchange interactions and decreasing T-C and M-S. Neutron powder diffraction (NPD) data indicate that both sublattices (square-planar and octahedral) show a parallel arrangement of the magnetic moments. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3498807]“
“The functional role of synchronization has attracted much interest and debate: in particular, synchronization may allow distant sites in the brain to communicate and cooperate with each other, and therefore may play a role in temporal binding,

in attention or in sensory-motor integration mechanisms. In this article, we study another role for synchronization: the so-called “”collective enhancement of PLX4032 cost precision”". We argue, in a full nonlinear dynamical context, that synchronization may help protect interconnected neurons from the influence of random perturbations-intrinsic neuronal noise-which affect all neurons in the nervous system. More precisely, our main contribution is a mathematical proof that, under specific, quantified conditions, the impact of noise on individual interconnected systems and on their spatial mean can essentially be cancelled through synchronization. This property then allows

reliable computations to be carried out even in the presence of significant noise (as experimentally found e. g., in retinal ganglion cells in primates). This in turn is key to obtaining meaningful downstream signals, whether in terms of precisely-timed interaction (temporal coding), population coding, or frequency coding. Similar concepts may be applicable to questions RSL 3 of noise and variability in systems biology.”
“Bananas are among the most important fruit crops worldwide, being cultivated in more than 120 countries, mainly by small-scale producers. However, short-stature high-yielding bananas presenting good agronomic characteristics are hard to find. Consequently, wind continues to damage a great number of plantations each year, leading to lodging of plants and bunch loss. Development of new cultivars through conventional genetic breeding methods is hindered by female sterility and the low number of seeds. Mutation induction seems to have great potential for the development of new cultivars.

Methods. Between July 2000 and June 2008, 20 adult cases of postinfectious glomerulonephritis were identified at a medical center in Taiwan. The patients’ records were retrospectively reviewed with respect to clinical presentation, microbiology, serology, morphology of renal biopsy, and clinical course. Results. There were 14 males and 6 females. The mean age was 61 years. All patients developed acute renal failure, and the majority (65%) required dialysis support during the disease course. Hypocomplementemia was present in 60%

of patients. The most frequently identified infectious agent was Staphylococcus (60%). Elacridar clinical trial Histological characteristics showed two distinct patterns of glomerulonephritis: diffuse endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis (65%) and focal mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (35%). There were no significant differences in the clinical presentation and outcome between the two groups. However, glomerular neutrophil infiltration was more commonly present in diffuse endocapillary proliferative pattern (p = 0.017). The percentage of patients with focal mesangial proliferative

pattern significantly increased over time (p < 0.001). At the last follow-up, 6 patients (30%) had died, JPH203 ic50 6 (30%) were in complete remission, 4 (20%) had partial remission with renal insufficiency, and 4 (20%) were on chronic dialysis. Conclusions. Our data suggested that Staphylococcus had become the leading pathogen in adult postinfectious

glomerulonephritis over the Taselisib manufacturer past 10 years. Furthermore, atypical histological feature with focal mesangial proliferative pattern was increasingly identified over time. The prognosis was still guarded, carrying a considerable mortality rate and risk for developing chronic renal failure.”
“Graft copolymerization of dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) onto cotton-cellulose in the fabric form was carried out using a cellulose-thiocarbonate-ammonium persulphate redox initiation system. Effects of the concentration of the monomer, effect of liquor ratio, grafting time, and temperature were studied. The results point out the following important aspects of flame retardation of cellulose fabrics. (1) The graft polymerization of DMAEMA can improve the flame retardant properties of cellulose fabrics. (2) Tertiary amine grafted to cellulosic fabrics is suitable for nitrogen compounds that can effectively operate as synergists. The flame retardant properties of the poly-DMAEMA- grafted-phosphorylated cellulosic materials were found to be excellent even after 25 dry clean washings. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 123: 2147-2153, 2012″
“Wall polysaccharide chemistry varies phylogenetically, suggesting a need for variation in wall enzymes. Although plants possess the genes for numerous putative enzymes acting on wall carbohydrates, the activities of the encoded proteins often remain conjectural.