Thirty patients within study group have reached definitive fusion.

Conclusion. Favorable outcomes have been demonstrated in this large single-center series of growing-rod constructs used to treat scoliosis in the growing spine. Their safety and efficacy in controlling spinal deformity and allowing spinal growth along

with an acceptable rate of complications would support the continued use of single growing-rod constructs as a scoliosis management option.”
“A venous thromboembolism (VTE) is prevalent in patients with ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC). Tumor burden learn more and extensive cytoreductive surgery are well-known risk factor for a VTE. The purpose of this study was to define the incidence of VTE after extensive cytoreductive surgery and to clarify the relationship between VTE and extensive cytoreductive surgery in patients with OCCC.

We reviewed the medical charts of 43 patients treated at the National Cancer Center between June 2000 and July 2007. Most surgical procedures were Acalabrutinib supplier performed with peri-operative thrmoboprophylaxis.

Eight (18.6%) patients had deep vein thromboses and three of eight patients had a pulmonary thromboembolism.

A VTE was identified at initial presentation in four patients, at recurrence in one patient, and during 3rd line chemotherapy in three patients when the patients had a bulky tumor burden. The rate of optimal debulking surgery was 95.3% and no patient had a VTE during the postoperative recovery period and adjuvant chemotherapy. A VTE was associated with disease status only (P = 0.042).

Minimizing residual tumor by extensive cytoreductive surgery with peri-operative thromboprophylaxis Batimastat mouse may decrease the incidence of a postoperative VTE in patients with OCCC. Larger, prospective studies are needed to confirm these preliminary findings.”
“Study Design. Case report.

Objective. To illustrate the usefulness of broad-range bacterial polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) testing in osteoarticular infections by Capnocytophaga canimorsus.

Summary of Background Data. C. canimorsus is a Gram-negative bacillus that was first

identified in 1976. It is a normal inhabitant of the oral mucosa of dogs (26%) and cats (15%). The main clinical patterns are septicemia, which may cause fatal septic shock (in 30% of cases) but arthritis and discitis are possible. C. canimorsus is susceptible to many antimicrobials including beta-lactam antibiotics.

Methods. About a case report of 54-year-old man transferred to our institution for discitis, we discuss about PCR for C. canimorsus discitis diagnosis.

Results. At admission, the only abnormal physical finding was global pain and stiffness of the lumbar spine. Radiographs of the lumbar spine and pelvis showed lumbar spondylosis, degenerative disc disease, and previously known degenerative facet joint disease.

“
“Background: Our aim was to assess the value of brain apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) and spontaneously conceived preterm singletons. Methods: Twenty ICSI-conceived preterm singletons and 20 gestational age matched spontaneously conceived preterm singletons were studied. All subjects underwent diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). The main outcome

measure was the brain ADC value in the in ICSI-conceived and naturally conceived newborns. Results: Children born after ICSI had an increased ADC value than the controls. The ADC values of ICSI-conceived singletons were higher than those of spontaneously conceived singletons at cerebellum, corpus striatum, frontal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe white matter. The mean Apgar score, birth weight, height, and head circumference of ICSI children were found to be similar to naturally JNJ-26481585 solubility dmso conceived children. Conclusions: Measuring ADC value may be a promising marker in identifying neurological outcome of ICSI-conceived newborns.”
“Aim: To determine whether paediatrician attendance to deliveries with elective caesarean section (CS) is really needed for term and also for preterm babies with 35-37 weeks gestational age. Methods: Singleton newborns >= 35 gestational

Elacridar solubility dmso weeks without any identified risk factor were evaluated for resuscitation steps prospectively after CS under regional and general anaesthesia. Results: 545 infants were included in the study. 150

(27.5%) of infants needed only supplemental oxygen and 23 (4.2%) neonates needed bag and mask ventilation. None of the babies needed cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) (chest compression) or endotracheal tube insertion/epinephrine administration. More infants required supplemental oxygen and bag-mask ventilation in general anaesthesia delivery group compared to spinal/epidural anaesthesia group (35.5% vs. learn more 24.4%, p = 0.29 for oxygen and 9.2 % vs. 2.3%, p < 0.0001 for bag-mask) The need for resuscitation steps was not statistically significantly different between neonates who were born in 35-37 gestational week and neonates who were born >= 38 week (p = 0.170 for supplementary oxygen, p = 0.442 for bag-mask ventilation). Conclusion: There is not increased risk for chest compression and entubation for infants >= 35 gestation weeks without antenatally identified risk factors born with elective CS either under regional or general anesthesia and only 4.2% of the babies needed bag-mask ventilation, so a health care personel who knows basic NRP may be sufficient in the clinics where it is easy to achieve an advanced skilled health care personel when needed.”
“Objective: The aim was to examine the relationship between neonatal white blood cell (WBC) count and the diagnosis of histologic chorioamnionitis (HCA).

S- plants had higher reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratio and antioxidant enzyme activities than the control plants and the differences were apparent selleck inhibitor from 21 days after anthesis (DAA). The removal of the reproductive sink led to an increased antioxidant defense which may be contributing towards the delayed flag leaf senescence in wheat. Chloroplasts and mitochondria,

important sources of ROS, were isolated at two stages representing early (7 DAA) and late (21 DAA) senescence. Oxidative damage to proteins was studied in these organelles in relation to SOD and APX. Mitochondria had higher levels of damaged proteins than chloroplasts at 7 DAA in both S+ and S- plants. Higher damage was related to the lower antioxidant

enzyme levels of SOD and APX in mitochondria as compared to chloroplasts. (C) 2009 Elsevier Masson SAS. All selleck kinase inhibitor rights reserved.”
“BiFeO3 films with different thicknesses and crystallographic orientations were grown on LaNiO3-buffered Si substrates via a modified chemical route. Remarkable size effect in ferroelectric behavior was observed with thicker films exhibiting a larger polarization value, due to combined depolarization effect and microstructure of the BiFeO3 films. High resolution transmission electron micrograph revealed a complex strain state in the BiFeO3 films, and the net magnetic moment induced by the canting of the antiparallel spins was arranged in disorder in thicker films, presenting a spin-glass state; while in the thinner BiFeO3 films, the disorder spins turned to be orderly arranged to induce a ferromagnetic behavior. Thus there exists a competition between ferroelectric and magnetic behaviors as film thickness changes. Furthermore, magnetoelectric coupling was observed in the BiFeO3 films with a magnetic-field-induced electrical voltage of around 3.5 mu V/Oe. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3240327]“
“The extraction procedures for beta-glucans

from cauliflower mushrooms (Sparassis crispa) were optimized by response surface methodology. Experimental design was used to investigate the effect of 3 extraction parameters (pH, extraction time, and ratio of water to raw material) on beta-glucan content. ABT-263 manufacturer The parameter ranges investigated were 6-10 for extraction pH (X-1), 5-15 h for extraction time (X-2), and 10-30 for water to raw material ratio (X-3). The experimental results were in good agreement with a polynomial regression model by a multiple regression analysis (R-2=0.95, p=0.0074) for beta-glucan content extracted from cauliflower mushrooms. The optimal conditions for beta-glucan extraction from cauliflower mushrooms were determined as extraction pH of 6.05, extraction time of 8 h 55 min, and ratio of water to raw material of 19.74, showing 60.76% of the predicted content of beta-glucan.

The effects of the presence and severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

on depression, anxiety, and actigraphy were assessed only among the 42 outpatients.

Results: Anxiety occurred in 40% and depression in 25% of these lung cancer patients, equally among inpatients and outpatients. All patients suffer extremely disturbed https://www.selleckchem.com/products/kpt-330.html daily sleep-activity cycles but each patient also maintains some degree of circadian organization. Outpatients maintain more robust daily activity patterns and longer, more consolidated nighttime sleep compared with inpatients. The more disrupted the daily sleep-activity rhythm, the worse the depression and/or anxiety scores for outpatients. These relationships are obscured among inpatients. COPD has no independent measurable effects on the daily organization of sleep-activity, depression, or anxiety.

Conclusions: Lung cancer patients

P-gp inhibitor whose diurnal activity is disturbed by prolonged and frequent sedentary episodes and whose sleep is disturbed by frequent and prolonged waking are most anxious and depressed. These findings and relationships are masked by hospitalization. Since diurnal exercise improves both sleep and mood, it is reasonable to test whether enhancing daytime activity and nighttime sleep can diminish cancer-associated depression. Copyright (C) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.”
“Aims

To investigate the predictive ability of four digital assessment parameters to detect levator ani (LA) muscle defects (avulsion injury) and compare these to transperineal tomographic ultrasound images.

Methods

This was an observational study imbedded in a larger quasi-experimental cohort study for women with urinary incontinence. Seventy-two women, >= 60 years who had attended or were going to attend physiotherapy for treatment of urinary incontinence, were included in the study. Inclusion criteria from the parent study were symptoms of stress, urge or both types of urinary incontinence. The predictive

ability of the following digital parameters: direct palpation of a discontinuity of the LA muscle from insertion on the pubic ramus; palpation of the distance between the muscle insertion sites; palpation of LA 3-Methyladenine molecular weight strength; palpation of LA tone, were analyzed against findings from tomographic transperineal ultrasound images. Correlation between methods was measured using Cohen’s kappa for each of the individual parameters.

Results

Seventeen women (24%) presented with a complete or partial avulsion of the puborectalis muscle as diagnosed with tomographic ultrasound imaging. Nine women (13%) had complete avulsions, one of which was bilateral. The predictive ability of the digital assessment parameters varied from poor (k = 0.187, 95% CI [0.02-0.36]) to moderate (k = 0.569, 95% CI [0.31-0.83]). The new parameter of ‘width between insertion sites’ performed best.

Only SCSA and CMA3 staining were shown to have a limited predictive value when IVF or combined IVF/ICSI was applied. The proposed threshold value of <= 15% for predicting good fertilization rates and obtaining a pregnancy in IVF could only be confirmed for percent HDS (high DNA stainability in SCSA). ICSI Outcome was not influenced by any of the conventional or functional sperm

parameters.”
“Remote ischaemic preconditioning and its neuroprotective abilities are Oligomycin A Transmembrane Transporters inhibitor currently under investigation and the method has shown significant effects in several small and large animal studies. In our previous studies, leucocyte filtration during cardiopulmonary bypass reduced cerebrocortical adherent leucocyte count and mitigated cerebral damage after hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA) in piglets. This study aimed to obtain and assess selleck chemicals llc direct visual data of leucocyte behaviour in cerebral vessels after hypothermic circulatory arrest following remote ischaemic preconditioning.

Twelve native stock piglets were randomized into a remote ischaemic preconditioning group (n = 6) and a control group (n = 6). The intervention group underwent hind-leg ischaemia, whereas the control group received a sham-treatment before

a 60-min period of hypothermic circulatory arrest. An intravital microscope was used to obtain measurements from the cerebrocortical vessel in vivo. It included three sets of filters: a violet filter to visualize microvascular perfusion and vessel diameter, a green filter for visualization of rhodamine-labelled leucocytes and an ultraviolet filter for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) analysis. The final magnification on the microscope learn more was 400. After the experiment, cerebral and cerebellar biopsies were collected and analysed with transmission electron microscope by a blinded analyst.

In the transmission electron microscope analysis, the entire intervention group had normal, unaffected rough endoplasmic

reticulum’s in their cerebellar tissue, whereas the control group had a mean score of 1.06 (standard deviation 0.41) (P = 0.026). The measured amount of adherent leucocytes was lower in the remote ischaemic preconditioning group. The difference was statistically significant at 5, 15 and 45 min after circulatory arrest. Statistically significant differences were seen also in the recovery phase at 90 and 120 min after reperfusion. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide autofluorescence had statistically significant differences at 10 min after cooling and at 120 and 180 min after hypothermic circulatory arrest.

Remote ischaemic preconditioning seems to provide better mitochondrial respiratory chain function as indicated by the higher NADH content.

WHIPS and AHR limited capsular strain below the subfailure threshold but did not protect against potential facet joint compression injuries, which may occur during or after contact of the head with the head restraint.”
“To evaluate the accuracy of integrated FDG-PET/CT and tumor markers for the depiction of recurrent ovarian carcinoma.

Patients with pathologically proven ovarian cancer, who underwent cytoreductive surgery and 3-6 cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy, were included in this study. They all underwent a thorough physical examination, tumor marker determination, and FDG-PET/CT imaging. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive and negative predictive values for the

tumor detection with PET/CT versus different tumor markers were performed in relation to the results at histological BIIB057 manufacturer analysis after second-look surgery or clinical follow-up.

A total of 37 patients underwent FDG-PET/CT scans. Among them, 22 patients underwent exploratory laparotomy and 15 had selleck diagnostic laparoscopy. Overall, 24 patients were documented to have ovarian cancer recurrence after second operation.

FDG-PET/CT had sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive and negative predictive values of 100, 85, 94, 92, and 100%, respectively.

Our study has shown that PET/CT is a sensitive tool to assist in the early identification and recurrent ovarian cancer, amenable to secondary cytoreduction.”
“The morphology changes and surface thermodynamics of blends of amylopectin (AP)poly(L-lactide) (PLA) were investigated over a wide range of temperatures and compositions using the inverse gas chromatography method. Twenty-five

solutes were selected such as alkanes, acetates, oxy, halogenated, and six-member ring families. They provided a variety of specific interactions with the blends’ surface. The morphology showed two regions, see more some others showed a de-polymerization above 130 degrees C. These zones enabled the estimation of T-g and T-m of AP, PLA, and the blends. Blending AP with PLA caused a decrease in AP’s T-g value due to the reduction of the degree of crystallinity of the blend. Exothermic values of x(23) were obtained indicating the compatibility of AP and PLA at all temperatures and weight fractions of APPLA. The miscibility was favored at 75%AP, only 25%AP-75%PLA composition influenced the degree of crystallinity. The dispersive component of the surface energy of the blends ranged from 16.09 mJ/m2 for the pure AP as high as 58.36 mJ/m2 at 110 degrees C when AP was mixed with PLA in a 50-50% ratio. The surface energy was at its highest value when the composition was 75% of AP, in good agreement with x(23) values. (c) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012″
“Study Design. A case report.

Objective. A rare case of chronic C1-C2 dislocation with absence of odontoid process that underwent posterior C1-C2 arthrodesis using C1 hooks and C2 pedicle screws.

Summary of Background Data.

We then provide a comprehensive review of the various management modalities currently in use to treat hepatolithiasis.

Conclusions: In our opinion, and as is evident from the literature, surgery remains the definitive treatment for hepatolithiasis. However,

non-surgical procedures such as cholangiography, although limited in their therapeutic capabilities, play a vital role in diagnosis and preoperative evaluation.”
“Well-aligned Ni and Co-NiO-Ni core-shell nanotube arrays with an average outer diameter of about 200 nm have been synthesized in a porous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template by the direct electro-deposition method. The result shows that the nanotubes were polycrystalline

phase. Angular dependent coercivity H-c(theta) indicates that the magnetization reversal mechanisms are mainly dominated by this website the “”curling mode”" for Ni nanotubes, while PD98059 inhibitor a transition from curling to transverse is observed in Co-NiO-Ni core-shell nanotubes at a large angle. A sharp increase in saturated magnetization (M-s) of Ni and Co-NiO-Ni core-shell nanotubes at 5 K was observed, due to dominance of the surface effect. Besides, the existed superparamagnetic nanoparticles also resulted in the increase of M-s for both cases. These structures have potential applications in the novel spintronics device, ultrasmall magnetic media, and other nanodevices. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3646491]“
“Background:

Folic acid supplementation prevents the occurrence and recurrence of neural tube defects (NTDs), but the causal metabolic pathways underlying folic acid-responsive NTDs have not been established. Serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT1) partitions folate-derived one-carbon units to thymidylate biosynthesis at the expense of cellular methylation, and therefore SHMT1-deficient mice are a model to investigate the metabolic origin of folate-associated pathologies.

Objectives: We examined whether genetic disruption of the Shmt1 gene in mice induces NTDs in response to maternal folate and choline deficiency and whether a corresponding disruption in de novo thymidylate biosynthesis underlies NTD pathogenesis.

Design: SBE-β-CD Microbiology inhibitor Shmt1 wild-type, Shmt1(+/-), and Shmt1(-/-) mice fed either folate-and choline-sufficient or folate-and choline-deficient diets were bred, and litters were examined for the presence of NTDs. Biomarkers of impaired folate metabolism were measured in the dams. In addition, the effect of Shmt1 disruption on NTD incidence was investigated in Pax3(Sp) mice, an established folate-responsive NTD mouse model.

Results: Shmt1(+/-) and Shmt1(-/-) embryos exhibited exencephaly in response to maternal folate and choline deficiency. Shmt1 disruption on the Pax3(Sp) background exacerbated NTD frequency and severity.

Compared with the early-surgery

group, the late-surgery group had a significantly higher Tei index (mean 0.37; range 0.31-0.42 vs. mean 0.52; range 0.39-0.69; p < 0.005), a lower strain percentage of the lateral wall of the LV (mean 29; range 17-30 vs. mean 9; range 7-23), IVS (mean 23; range 21-31 vs. mean 19; range 13-25), and lateral wall of the RV (mean 23; range 21-31 vs. mean 19; range 13-25). The age at operation correlated significantly with the Tei index (r = 0.84, p < 0.001) and inversely with the mean strain of the lateral wall of the LV (r = -0.53, p = 0.028), IVS (r = -0.68, p = 0.003), and lateral wall of the RV (r = -0.68, p = 0.003). At the midterm follow-up evaluation after corrective surgery of ALCAPA, not only the left but also the right ventricular function seemed to be affected in patients with delayed diagnosis and late surgical repair but preserved among the younger patients

Eltanexor datasheet with early diagnosis and corrective surgery.”
“This work evaluated the cleanliness of equipment involved in manufacturing the product LAFEPE Zidovudine (AZT) + Lamivudine (3TC) 300 mg + 150 mg coated tablets in a antiretroviral plant. A method for simultaneous determination of AZT+3TC in High Performance Liquid Chromatography INCB28060 order HPLC-UV is selective and presented a linear range from 2.5 to 15 mu g/mL, and Limit of Detection (LOD) (AZT: 0.13 mu g/mL; 3TC: 0.15 mu g/mL) and Limit of Quantification (LOQ) (AZT: 0.20 mu g/mL; 3TC: 0.23 mu g/mL). Recoveries of 82.00 and 83.00 % for the active AZT and 3TC, respectively, were obtained with the use of swab on stainless steel surfaces 316L. The method of cleaning and sampling was applied to three consecutive industrial batches and this website the results met the specification limits for contaminants.”
“Breast cancer is a leading cause of mortality in women. In Malaysia,

it is the most common cancer to affect women. The most common form of breast cancer is infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC). A proteomic approach was undertaken to identify protein profile changes between cancerous and normal breast tissues from 18 patients. Two protein extracts; aqueous soluble and membrane associated protein extracts were studied. Thirty four differentially expressed proteins were identified. The intensities of the proteins were used as variables in PCA and reduced data of six principal components (PC) were subjected to LDA in order to evaluate the potential of these proteins as collective biomarkers for breast cancer. The protein intensities of SEC13-like 1 (isoform b) and calreticulin contributed the most to the first PC while the protein intensities of fibrinogen beta chain precursor and ATP synthase D chain contributed the most to the second PC. Transthyretin precursor and apolipoprotein A-1 precursor contributed the most to the third PC.

Five of the nine studies that examined the risk of developing sepsis/infection as a primary outcome (six of nine sepsis studies and all studies in the postoperative setting) found a decreased risk among statin users, whereas the remaining studies found no difference. Irrespective of their design (matched vs. non-matched), the majority of the studies suggested Selleck Androgen Receptor Antagonist that statins have a beneficial effect on the outcome of infection; however, their observational

design does not allow us to draw firm conclusions. The clinical benefit of statin therapy in sepsis remains to be determined by ongoing randomized controlled trials.”
“Although it is implied that suberized apoplastic barriers of roots negatively correlate with water and solute permeabilities, direct transport measurements across roots with altered amounts and compositions of aliphatic suberin are scarce. In the present study, hydroponically grown Arabidopsis wild types (Col8 and Col0) and different suberin mutants with altered amounts and/or compositions (horst, esb1-1,

and esb1-2) were used to test this hypothesis. Detailed histochemical studies revealed late development of Casparian bands and suberin lamellae in the horst mutant compared with wild types and esb mutants. Suberin analysis with gas chromatography OSI-906 in vivo and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed that the horst mutant

had similar to 33% lower amounts of aliphatic monomers than Col8 and Col0. In contrast, enhanced suberin mutants (esb1-1 and esb1-2) had twice the amount of suberin as the wild types. Correlative permeability measurements, which were carried out for the first time with a root pressure probe for Arabidopsis, revealed that the hydraulic conductivity Ralimetinib datasheet (Lp(r)) and NaCl permeability (P(sr)) of the whole root system of the horst mutant were markedly greater than in the respective wild types. This was reflected by the total amounts of aliphatic suberin determined in the roots. However, increased levels of aliphatic suberin in esb mutants failed to reduce either water or NaCl permeabilities below those of the wild types. It was concluded that the simple view and the conventional assumption that the amount of root suberin negatively correlates with permeability may not always be true. The aliphatic monomer arrangement in the suberin biopolymer and its microstructure also play a role in apoplastic barrier formation.”
“Study Design. A large animal study comparing interbody fusion of a bioresorbable scaffold loaded with either low-dose recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP-2) or bone marrow-derived multipotent stromal cells (BMSCs).

Objective.

In the case of peroxisomal fission, DRP3A and DRP3B appear to have different functions: peroxisomes in drp3a were larger and fewer in number than those in the wild type, whereas peroxisomes in drp3b were as large and as numerous as those in the wild type, and peroxisomes in drp3a/drp3b were as large and as numerous as those in drp3a. Although overexpression of DRP3A in drp3a/drp3b restored the shape and number of peroxisomes, overexpression of DRP3B

did not restore the phenotypes, and often caused elongation MK-2206 in vitro instead. These results suggest that DRP3B and DRP3A have redundant molecular functions in mitochondrial fission, whereas DRP3B has a minor role in peroxisomal fission that is distinct from that of DRP3A.”
“The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible protective effects of Quercetin (Qe) against oxidative stress induced by cyhalothrin (LTC) in reproductive system. Thirty-two male rats were divided into four groups. First group was allocated as the control group. Second group was given a Qe alone while the third group received a LTC alone. Animals

in the fourth group were given a Qe with LTC. Caudae epididymis was removed for sperm analysis. Lipid peroxidation Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and reduced glutathione (GSH) were determined in the testis. Additionally, the different histopathologic changes were observed in the testis of animals. LTC exposure significantly increased the abnormal morphology and LPO. On the contrary, sperm motility, viability and count, levels of GSH, and activities of SOD, CAT, GPx, and GST were significantly decreased compared to controls. Qe with LTC offset the decrease in functional sperm parameters, antioxidants enzymatic activities, and nonenzymatic

antioxidant levels when compared with LTC-treated rats. Furthermore, LTC showed irregular seminiferous tubules containing only Sertoli cells and Qe with LTC caused regular seminiferous tubules showing spermatogenesis at level of spermatocytes. We conclude that LTC-induced oxidative stress and functional sperm parameters in male rats, and dietary of Qe attenuates the reproductive toxicity of LTC to Navitoclax Apoptosis inhibitor restore the antioxidant system and sperm parameters in male rats. (c) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.”
“Pathogen infection leads to the activation of defense signaling networks in plants. To study these networks and the relationships between their components, we introduced various defense mutations into acd6-1, a constitutive gain-of-function Arabidopsis mutant that is highly disease resistant. acd6-1 plants show spontaneous cell death, reduced stature, and accumulate high levels of camalexin (an anti-fungal compound) and salicylic acid (SA; a signaling molecule).