The system iodine water angiography can be useed for crowdwider, it is non-age limit, and has no contraindications on line gastrointestinal surgery patients, facililated to the diagnosis of postoperative gastrointestinal adhesions, stricture, fistula and other diseases, but also an overall assessment of the lumen outside. Joint Inspection

unable improve diagnostic yield, but considering the advantages and disadvantages of both, both the Joint Inspection can play a complementary role.The system iodine water angiography not only provide a reference for the selection of oral or anal DBE check has certain advantages, but also a comprehensive understanding of the situation of parenteral, it is recommended that patients with suspected small bowel diseases need to be excluded but should not line DBE or DBE examination revealed obstructionmay be considered the system Saracatinib datasheet iodine water angiography. Key Word(s): 1. DBE; 2. Iodine water; 3. Radiography; 4. Small bowel disease; Presenting Author: BILAL HOTAYT Additional Authors: MOHAMMAD ABELHAMID, HARUHIKO OGATA, DAVID FLEISCHER, JEAN-FRANCOIS REY Corresponding Author: BILAL HOTAYT

Affiliations: Belle Vue Medical Center; Egypt Hospital; Keio University School of Medicine; Mayo Clinic; Institut Arnault Tzanck Objective: Small Bowel [SB] Capsule is the gold standard for Selleck LBH589 diagnosis but it is impaired by incomplete evaluation of the SB, prolonged reading time, imprecise localization, this website and slightly cumbersome equipment for the patient. We report our preliminary experience with the new Olympus Capsule technology (EC-Y0005).

Methods: (EC-Y0005) capsule was designed with major improvements :-A larger Capsule camera field of view with increasing resolution and a better color reproduction linked to the new sensor FOV 160°, Size φ11 mm×26 mm) -  A longer battery life with low power consumption (12 hours, 50% longer than the conventional system EC-1) Results: We have tried this new capsule between October and December 2011 in 17 patients with a PEG preparation with the following patients’ indications: (OGIB 9; Crohn 6; celiac 1; necrotic enteritis 1).Gastric transit time was 60 min, small bowel transit 7 h13 min (up to 09 h00 in case of Crohn’s disease). -From the nursing point of view the new belt-antenna was an improvement and the Real time viewer allowed abetter monitoring of all examinations. It is easier to detect capsule location and it is particularly useful in cases of capsule gastric retention. -For the clinician, there are two majors benefits: Larger field of view and high resolution improve image quality and allow a better identification and characterisation of capsule findings. New software reading functions altogether with improved image quality shortened the reading time by 20%.

The system iodine water angiography can be useed for crowdwider, it is non-age limit, and has no contraindications on line gastrointestinal surgery patients, facililated to the diagnosis of postoperative gastrointestinal adhesions, stricture, fistula and other diseases, but also an overall assessment of the lumen outside. Joint Inspection

unable improve diagnostic yield, but considering the advantages and disadvantages of both, both the Joint Inspection can play a complementary role.The system iodine water angiography not only provide a reference for the selection of oral or anal DBE check has certain advantages, but also a comprehensive understanding of the situation of parenteral, it is recommended that patients with suspected small bowel diseases need to be excluded but should not line DBE or DBE examination revealed obstructionmay be considered the system click here iodine water angiography. Key Word(s): 1. DBE; 2. Iodine water; 3. Radiography; 4. Small bowel disease; Presenting Author: BILAL HOTAYT Additional Authors: MOHAMMAD ABELHAMID, HARUHIKO OGATA, DAVID FLEISCHER, JEAN-FRANCOIS REY Corresponding Author: BILAL HOTAYT

Affiliations: Belle Vue Medical Center; Egypt Hospital; Keio University School of Medicine; Mayo Clinic; Institut Arnault Tzanck Objective: Small Bowel [SB] Capsule is the gold standard for selleck screening library diagnosis but it is impaired by incomplete evaluation of the SB, prolonged reading time, imprecise localization, find more and slightly cumbersome equipment for the patient. We report our preliminary experience with the new Olympus Capsule technology (EC-Y0005).

Methods: (EC-Y0005) capsule was designed with major improvements :-A larger Capsule camera field of view with increasing resolution and a better color reproduction linked to the new sensor FOV 160°, Size φ11 mm×26 mm) -  A longer battery life with low power consumption (12 hours, 50% longer than the conventional system EC-1) Results: We have tried this new capsule between October and December 2011 in 17 patients with a PEG preparation with the following patients’ indications: (OGIB 9; Crohn 6; celiac 1; necrotic enteritis 1).Gastric transit time was 60 min, small bowel transit 7 h13 min (up to 09 h00 in case of Crohn’s disease). -From the nursing point of view the new belt-antenna was an improvement and the Real time viewer allowed abetter monitoring of all examinations. It is easier to detect capsule location and it is particularly useful in cases of capsule gastric retention. -For the clinician, there are two majors benefits: Larger field of view and high resolution improve image quality and allow a better identification and characterisation of capsule findings. New software reading functions altogether with improved image quality shortened the reading time by 20%.

The system iodine water angiography can be useed for crowdwider, it is non-age limit, and has no contraindications on line gastrointestinal surgery patients, facililated to the diagnosis of postoperative gastrointestinal adhesions, stricture, fistula and other diseases, but also an overall assessment of the lumen outside. Joint Inspection

unable improve diagnostic yield, but considering the advantages and disadvantages of both, both the Joint Inspection can play a complementary role.The system iodine water angiography not only provide a reference for the selection of oral or anal DBE check has certain advantages, but also a comprehensive understanding of the situation of parenteral, it is recommended that patients with suspected small bowel diseases need to be excluded but should not line DBE or DBE examination revealed obstructionmay be considered the system MAPK inhibitor iodine water angiography. Key Word(s): 1. DBE; 2. Iodine water; 3. Radiography; 4. Small bowel disease; Presenting Author: BILAL HOTAYT Additional Authors: MOHAMMAD ABELHAMID, HARUHIKO OGATA, DAVID FLEISCHER, JEAN-FRANCOIS REY Corresponding Author: BILAL HOTAYT

Affiliations: Belle Vue Medical Center; Egypt Hospital; Keio University School of Medicine; Mayo Clinic; Institut Arnault Tzanck Objective: Small Bowel [SB] Capsule is the gold standard for learn more diagnosis but it is impaired by incomplete evaluation of the SB, prolonged reading time, imprecise localization, selleck screening library and slightly cumbersome equipment for the patient. We report our preliminary experience with the new Olympus Capsule technology (EC-Y0005).

Methods: (EC-Y0005) capsule was designed with major improvements :-A larger Capsule camera field of view with increasing resolution and a better color reproduction linked to the new sensor FOV 160°, Size φ11 mm×26 mm) -  A longer battery life with low power consumption (12 hours, 50% longer than the conventional system EC-1) Results: We have tried this new capsule between October and December 2011 in 17 patients with a PEG preparation with the following patients’ indications: (OGIB 9; Crohn 6; celiac 1; necrotic enteritis 1).Gastric transit time was 60 min, small bowel transit 7 h13 min (up to 09 h00 in case of Crohn’s disease). -From the nursing point of view the new belt-antenna was an improvement and the Real time viewer allowed abetter monitoring of all examinations. It is easier to detect capsule location and it is particularly useful in cases of capsule gastric retention. -For the clinician, there are two majors benefits: Larger field of view and high resolution improve image quality and allow a better identification and characterisation of capsule findings. New software reading functions altogether with improved image quality shortened the reading time by 20%.

rufa, respectively. On the mainland, A. chukar selleck genes occur according a decreasing gradient from Italy to the Iberian Peninsula. Corsica hosts a number of A. rufa×A. chukar hybrids, but at a much lower incidence

than nearby Italy. We sampled 97 red-legged partridges in different habitats of Corsica [lower-Mediterranean: Desertu di l'Agriate; rural: Nessa-Felicetu; mountainous: Vivariu-Venacu and Fium'Orbu-Taravu (FT)]. We investigated kinship between Corsican and continental A. rufa populations by sequencing the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Cytochrome-b gene in a subset (n=60) of island specimens as well as in 105 partridges sampled on mainland Europe. All 97 Corsican partridges were genotyped at eight microsatellite DNA loci in order to

estimate intraspecific relationships at a finer scale. We also used microsatellite data from previous studies to compare the genotypes of A. rufa reared in the only island farm with those www.selleckchem.com/products/CP-673451.html of wild conspecifics. Corsican partridges grouped in the only statistically reliable and diverging mtDNA clade. Microsatellites provided evidence for the genetic isolation of the FT mountain population, whose low level of hybridization with A. chukar had been unveiled in a former paper. Both mtDNA and microsatellite markers revealed that released captive partridges did not enter the wild breeding populations to any great extent. We suggested banning A. rufa translocation from Corsica to the continent to comply with the disclosed genetic kinship, and vice versa to contain the spreading of A. chukar genes in to the A. selleck chemicals rufa population. “
“We predicted that features of the urban environment (uneven habitat from buildings, density of conspecifics and

scarcity of dead or dying trees) would lead to different patterns of range overlap for urban and rural fox squirrels Sciurus niger. During 2003–2005 we captured, tracked and calculated seasonal ranges for 60 individuals at an urban site and 45 individuals on a rural site. Differences in range overlaps were best explained by sex, site and season. We observed a greater amount of seasonal range overlap by squirrels on our rural site. Buildings appeared to form the boundary of squirrels’ seasonal ranges. By providing clear demarcations of squirrels’ ranges, building might have reduced the costs of delineating territories. During the winter, urban squirrels used fewer [urban , 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.0–1.7; rural , 95% CI=2.8–4.2] cavities and anthropogenic shelters, suggesting that cavities might be limited on the urban site and worth the cost of defense. Similar population densities on the sites (urban=1.58 squirrel ha−1, rural=1.45 squirrel ha−1) did not allow us to examine the influence of densities of conspecifics on seasonal range overlaps.

Among the 106 patients with SUC, 13.2% (14/106) had the operative treatment, after regression analysis with the multi-factor, it displays that Albumin < 25 g/l (0R = 3.731, 95% CI:0.774–17.975, P = 0.011) is the independent predictors. Conclusion: 1. The number of male patients of SUC is more than female patients, and the morbidity age mainly is from 25–45 years old, the lesion range is wide, and there are many clinical features such as Moderately severe stomachache, diarrhea, mucopurulent bloody stool and anemia, thrombocythemia, hypoproteinemia, CRP increased and so on. 2. Severe anemia, thrombocythemia, albumin < 25 g/l is an independent predictor of

hormone refractory. 3. The UC with Severe hormone refractory can be further cured through immunomodulator, biologicals, operation and so on, albumin < 25 g/l Raf inhibitor is an independent predictor of surgical resection. Key Word(s): 1. ulcerative colitis; 2. biologicals; 3. immunosuppressor; 4. follow-up visit; Presenting Author: HUANGGEN – Additional Authors: FANGNIAN – Corresponding Author: HUANGGEN – Affiliations: Department of Gastroenterology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University Objective: Extracellular matrix can be degradated by Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which participate the damage and repair of organization.

MMPs participate the development of Ulcerative colitis (UC) by degradate ECM, facilitate apoptosis, effect new vascularization, selleck chemical and facilitate delivery of cytokine. MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9 gene polymorphisms have

been shown to influence Selleck CH5424802 the transcriptional activity of their respective gene promoter in an allele-specific manner. The aim of this study is to examine the possible association of MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9 gene polymorphisms with UC in the Chinese Han population. Methods: We examined 102 patients with UC and 110 healthy controls. We determined MMP-1 1G/2G, MMP-3 5A/6A, and MMP-9 C/T polymorphisms using polymerase chain reaction based assays. Results: In MMP-1 genotypes, the 2G homozygotes were significantly more in UC group than in control group. In MMP-3 genotypes, there were no significant differences in genotype distributions and allele frequencies between UC group and control group. In MMP-9 genotypes, the C homozygotes and C allele frequencies were significantly more in UC group than in control group. Conclusion: MMP-1 and MMP-9 gene polymorphisms are correlated with the susceptibility to UC in Chinese Han population. Key Word(s): 1. Ulcerative colitis; 2. Gene polymorphism; 3. MMP-1 MMP-3 MMP-9; Presenting Author: XIN-PU MIAO Additional Authors: XIAO-NING SUN, HONG WEI Corresponding Author: XIN-PU MIAO Affiliations: Department of GastroenterologyHai Nan Provincial People’s Hospital Objective: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a kind of common digestive system diseases.

11, 19 Somatic mutations click here of ErbB1 in the TK domain of human biliary tract cancers has also been reported to be rare.1 Other studies suggesting aberrantly expressed ErbB2 and ErbB1 as potential therapeutic targets for specific subsets of patients with cholangiocarcinoma include that of Obama et al.20 who, using laser capture microdissection combined with microarray analysis, reported

more than a five-fold increase in ErbB2 messenger RNA expression in 14% of human intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas analyzed and more than a two-fold increase in ErbB2 messenger RNA in 6 of 21 tumors (28.6%) that passed their cutoff filter. Mean bile concentrations of ErbB2 have also been demonstrated to be higher in patients with cholangiocarcinoma than in those with biliary tract infection, biliary lithiasis, or normal control.21 Furthermore, as we and others have observed, ErbB2 and/or ErbB1 have been frequently detected

by western blot analysis in various human biliary tract cancer cell lines.11, 19 The ErbB family ligand amphiregulin has also ITF2357 chemical structure been shown to be significantly expressed in human and rat cholangiocarcinoma cells,22 and ErbB2 and/or ErbB1 overexpression has been demonstrated as a common feature of cancerous cholangiocytes in preclinical rodent models of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.22 Our data demonstrate that established human and rat cholangiocarcinoma selleck kinase inhibitor cell lines exhibited different levels of sensitivity to the individual growth inhibitory actions

of the ErbB1-specific TK inhibitor tryphostin AG1517 and to the ErbB2-specific TK inhibitor tryphostin AG879, respectively, but that when combined, both of these TK inhibitors achieved synergy in eliciting a significantly enhanced in vitro growth inhibition. This enhanced cell growth inhibition occurred regardless of whether the cholangiocarcinoma cells overexpressed a mutationally activated (BDEneu cells) or wild-type ErbB2 (C611B cells), together with either higher (BDEneu cells) or lower (C611B cells) levels of constitutive ErbB1 expression. Similarly, Zhou and Brattain23 had reported that another ErbB1 TK inhibitor AG1478 in combination with AG879 acted synergistically to inhibit the growth of human colon cancer cells in vitro when compared with the single-agent treatments. In our study, the synergistic effect of the AG1517/AG879 combination on in vitro growth inhibition was associated with a significantly increased inhibition of both ErbB1 and ErbB2 phosphorylation at major ErbB receptor tyrosine autophosphorylation sites (ErbB1Tyr1173 and ErbB2Tyr1248, known to activate the MAPK and Akt cascades), over that produced by either ErbB TK inhibitor alone.

11, 19 Somatic mutations Ixazomib molecular weight of ErbB1 in the TK domain of human biliary tract cancers has also been reported to be rare.1 Other studies suggesting aberrantly expressed ErbB2 and ErbB1 as potential therapeutic targets for specific subsets of patients with cholangiocarcinoma include that of Obama et al.20 who, using laser capture microdissection combined with microarray analysis, reported

more than a five-fold increase in ErbB2 messenger RNA expression in 14% of human intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas analyzed and more than a two-fold increase in ErbB2 messenger RNA in 6 of 21 tumors (28.6%) that passed their cutoff filter. Mean bile concentrations of ErbB2 have also been demonstrated to be higher in patients with cholangiocarcinoma than in those with biliary tract infection, biliary lithiasis, or normal control.21 Furthermore, as we and others have observed, ErbB2 and/or ErbB1 have been frequently detected

by western blot analysis in various human biliary tract cancer cell lines.11, 19 The ErbB family ligand amphiregulin has also Selleck Y-27632 been shown to be significantly expressed in human and rat cholangiocarcinoma cells,22 and ErbB2 and/or ErbB1 overexpression has been demonstrated as a common feature of cancerous cholangiocytes in preclinical rodent models of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.22 Our data demonstrate that established human and rat cholangiocarcinoma selleck inhibitor cell lines exhibited different levels of sensitivity to the individual growth inhibitory actions

of the ErbB1-specific TK inhibitor tryphostin AG1517 and to the ErbB2-specific TK inhibitor tryphostin AG879, respectively, but that when combined, both of these TK inhibitors achieved synergy in eliciting a significantly enhanced in vitro growth inhibition. This enhanced cell growth inhibition occurred regardless of whether the cholangiocarcinoma cells overexpressed a mutationally activated (BDEneu cells) or wild-type ErbB2 (C611B cells), together with either higher (BDEneu cells) or lower (C611B cells) levels of constitutive ErbB1 expression. Similarly, Zhou and Brattain23 had reported that another ErbB1 TK inhibitor AG1478 in combination with AG879 acted synergistically to inhibit the growth of human colon cancer cells in vitro when compared with the single-agent treatments. In our study, the synergistic effect of the AG1517/AG879 combination on in vitro growth inhibition was associated with a significantly increased inhibition of both ErbB1 and ErbB2 phosphorylation at major ErbB receptor tyrosine autophosphorylation sites (ErbB1Tyr1173 and ErbB2Tyr1248, known to activate the MAPK and Akt cascades), over that produced by either ErbB TK inhibitor alone.

11, 19 Somatic mutations Sorafenib in vitro of ErbB1 in the TK domain of human biliary tract cancers has also been reported to be rare.1 Other studies suggesting aberrantly expressed ErbB2 and ErbB1 as potential therapeutic targets for specific subsets of patients with cholangiocarcinoma include that of Obama et al.20 who, using laser capture microdissection combined with microarray analysis, reported

more than a five-fold increase in ErbB2 messenger RNA expression in 14% of human intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas analyzed and more than a two-fold increase in ErbB2 messenger RNA in 6 of 21 tumors (28.6%) that passed their cutoff filter. Mean bile concentrations of ErbB2 have also been demonstrated to be higher in patients with cholangiocarcinoma than in those with biliary tract infection, biliary lithiasis, or normal control.21 Furthermore, as we and others have observed, ErbB2 and/or ErbB1 have been frequently detected

by western blot analysis in various human biliary tract cancer cell lines.11, 19 The ErbB family ligand amphiregulin has also progestogen antagonist been shown to be significantly expressed in human and rat cholangiocarcinoma cells,22 and ErbB2 and/or ErbB1 overexpression has been demonstrated as a common feature of cancerous cholangiocytes in preclinical rodent models of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.22 Our data demonstrate that established human and rat cholangiocarcinoma this website cell lines exhibited different levels of sensitivity to the individual growth inhibitory actions

of the ErbB1-specific TK inhibitor tryphostin AG1517 and to the ErbB2-specific TK inhibitor tryphostin AG879, respectively, but that when combined, both of these TK inhibitors achieved synergy in eliciting a significantly enhanced in vitro growth inhibition. This enhanced cell growth inhibition occurred regardless of whether the cholangiocarcinoma cells overexpressed a mutationally activated (BDEneu cells) or wild-type ErbB2 (C611B cells), together with either higher (BDEneu cells) or lower (C611B cells) levels of constitutive ErbB1 expression. Similarly, Zhou and Brattain23 had reported that another ErbB1 TK inhibitor AG1478 in combination with AG879 acted synergistically to inhibit the growth of human colon cancer cells in vitro when compared with the single-agent treatments. In our study, the synergistic effect of the AG1517/AG879 combination on in vitro growth inhibition was associated with a significantly increased inhibition of both ErbB1 and ErbB2 phosphorylation at major ErbB receptor tyrosine autophosphorylation sites (ErbB1Tyr1173 and ErbB2Tyr1248, known to activate the MAPK and Akt cascades), over that produced by either ErbB TK inhibitor alone.

Nox enzyme activities were determined by cytochrome c assay17

(see the supporting information for details). The TGFβ1 level in the medium samples was determined with the TGF-Beta 1 Ready-Set-Go! kit (eBioscience) and normalized by the cell number. Data were analyzed with the Student t test or one-way analysis of variance with SigmaStat 3.1 (Jandel Scientific). A P value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Data are presented as means ± standard errors of the mean. Experiments were repeated three to eight times. Huh7 human hepatoma cells were transfected with JFH1 RNA of genotype 2a, which generates infectious HCV particles in cell culture, and were evaluated first for viral replication. DAPT concentration Mock transfection, transfection with replicative-null GND RNA, or both were performed as negative controls. Replication of JFH1 but not the GND RNA was readily demonstrated by the continued detection of HCV RNAs and proteins by western blotting (Supporting Fig. 1). To determine whether HCV increased the level of ROS, we measured the H2O2 concentration. As H2O2 diffuses across biomembranes, the H2O2 concentration was assessed by the extracellular measurement of H2O2. As shown in Fig. 1A, the H2O2 concentration increased

significantly selleck inhibitor with HCV, and this increase was almost completely removed by DPI, an inhibitor of flavoproteins. HCV also increased the fluorescence of H2-dichlorofluorescein diacetate, which measures nonspecific intracellular oxidation, and altered the intracellular glutathione (GSH) concentration in a DPI-sensitive manner (Supporting Fig. 2). Next, we analyzed the intracellular superoxide concentration by monitoring the generation of 2-OH-E+, a specific product of superoxide, from HE with HPLC.15 Menadione, which generated selleck chemical ROS via redox cycling, was used as a positive control. Both menadione and HCV increased the level of 2-OH-E+ (Fig. 1B). In contrast, extracellular generation of superoxide, measured by the nitroblue tetrazolium reduction assay, did not increase

significantly with HCV (P > 0.05; data not shown). Therefore, the infectious virus-generating JFH1 strain induced a pro-oxidative environment with increased levels of ROS in Huh7 cells. The data in Fig. 1 also suggested that flavoproteins were involved in the increased generation of ROS in the JFH1 cells. Therefore, we examined whether the mitochondria served as the source of ROS by incubating cells with MitoSOX Red, which measures mitochondrial superoxide, and monitoring its fluorescence by confocal microscopy. Antimycin increased the detection of mitochondrial superoxide anions as expected (Supporting Fig. 2C). However, we did not find any significant increase in the mitochondrial superoxide with JFH1 (Supporting Fig. 2C). In addition, the total cellular ATP content was not significantly altered by JFH1 (92.2% ± 4.1% of the control, P > 0.05).

Nox enzyme activities were determined by cytochrome c assay17

(see the supporting information for details). The TGFβ1 level in the medium samples was determined with the TGF-Beta 1 Ready-Set-Go! kit (eBioscience) and normalized by the cell number. Data were analyzed with the Student t test or one-way analysis of variance with SigmaStat 3.1 (Jandel Scientific). A P value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Data are presented as means ± standard errors of the mean. Experiments were repeated three to eight times. Huh7 human hepatoma cells were transfected with JFH1 RNA of genotype 2a, which generates infectious HCV particles in cell culture, and were evaluated first for viral replication. Trametinib manufacturer Mock transfection, transfection with replicative-null GND RNA, or both were performed as negative controls. Replication of JFH1 but not the GND RNA was readily demonstrated by the continued detection of HCV RNAs and proteins by western blotting (Supporting Fig. 1). To determine whether HCV increased the level of ROS, we measured the H2O2 concentration. As H2O2 diffuses across biomembranes, the H2O2 concentration was assessed by the extracellular measurement of H2O2. As shown in Fig. 1A, the H2O2 concentration increased

significantly Akt inhibitor with HCV, and this increase was almost completely removed by DPI, an inhibitor of flavoproteins. HCV also increased the fluorescence of H2-dichlorofluorescein diacetate, which measures nonspecific intracellular oxidation, and altered the intracellular glutathione (GSH) concentration in a DPI-sensitive manner (Supporting Fig. 2). Next, we analyzed the intracellular superoxide concentration by monitoring the generation of 2-OH-E+, a specific product of superoxide, from HE with HPLC.15 Menadione, which generated check details ROS via redox cycling, was used as a positive control. Both menadione and HCV increased the level of 2-OH-E+ (Fig. 1B). In contrast, extracellular generation of superoxide, measured by the nitroblue tetrazolium reduction assay, did not increase

significantly with HCV (P > 0.05; data not shown). Therefore, the infectious virus-generating JFH1 strain induced a pro-oxidative environment with increased levels of ROS in Huh7 cells. The data in Fig. 1 also suggested that flavoproteins were involved in the increased generation of ROS in the JFH1 cells. Therefore, we examined whether the mitochondria served as the source of ROS by incubating cells with MitoSOX Red, which measures mitochondrial superoxide, and monitoring its fluorescence by confocal microscopy. Antimycin increased the detection of mitochondrial superoxide anions as expected (Supporting Fig. 2C). However, we did not find any significant increase in the mitochondrial superoxide with JFH1 (Supporting Fig. 2C). In addition, the total cellular ATP content was not significantly altered by JFH1 (92.2% ± 4.1% of the control, P > 0.05).