Our study raises alarms over potentially devastating side-effects of this antidepressant drug on neurite outgrowth and synapse formation in a developing/regenerating brain. Our data also demonstrate that drugs such as Fluoxetine may not just affect communication between

serotonergic neurons but that the detrimental effects are widespread and involve neurons of various phenotypes from both vertebrate and invertebrate species. “
“Perisomatic inhibition originates from three types of GABAergic interneurons in cortical structures, including parvalbumin-containing fast-spiking basket PD0325901 cells (FSBCs) and axo-axonic cells (AACs), as well as cholecystokinin-expressing regular-spiking basket cells (RSBCs). These interneurons may have significant impact in various cognitive processes, and are subjects of cholinergic modulation. However, it is largely unknown how cholinergic receptor activation modulates the function of perisomatic inhibitory cells. Therefore, we performed paired recordings from anatomically identified perisomatic buy Venetoclax interneurons and pyramidal cells in the CA3 region of the mouse

hippocampus. We determined the basic properties of unitary inhibitory postsynaptic currents (uIPSCs) and found that they differed among cell types, e.g. GABA released from axon endings of AACs evoked uIPSCs with the largest Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase amplitude and with the longest decay measured at room temperature. RSBCs could also release GABA asynchronously, the magnitude of the release increasing with the discharge frequency of the presynaptic interneuron. Cholinergic receptor activation by carbachol significantly decreased the uIPSC amplitude in all three types of cell pairs, but to different extents. M2-type muscarinic receptors were responsible for the reduction in uIPSC amplitudes in FSBC– and AAC–pyramidal cell pairs, while an antagonist of CB1 cannabinoid receptors recovered the suppression in RSBC–pyramidal cell pairs. In addition, carbachol

suppressed or even eliminated the short-term depression of uIPSCs in FSBC– and AAC–pyramidal cell pairs in a frequency-dependent manner. These findings suggest that not only are the basic synaptic properties of perisomatic inhibitory cells distinct, but acetylcholine can differentially control the impact of perisomatic inhibition from different sources. “
“Cortical neurons are known to be noisy encoders of information, showing large response variabilities with repeated presentations of identical stimuli. These spike count variabilities are correlated over the cell population and their neuronal mechanism and functional significance have not been well understood. Recently there has been much debate over the magnitude of the population mean of the correlation, ranging from 0.1 to 0.2 down to nearly zero.

In total, 842 patients who received QFT-GIT or TST and used biologic agents

between January 2007 and December 2012 were recruited to determine the usefulness of LTBI screening tests. The incidence of active TB was calculated relative to the LTBI screening method as the number of events per 100 000 person-years exposure. TB occurred in two of the patients who complied with an LTBI prophylaxis strategy. The TB incidence in the group that received both QFT-GIT and TST was 151.05 (95% confidence interval [CI] 150.11–151.98)/100 000 find more person-years, and the incidence was 169.78 (95% CI 168.73–170.84)/100 000 person-years in the group that received only TST. TB occurred even in some patients who received LTBI prophylaxis in compliance with national guidelines. The incidence of TB in patients who received either the QFT-GIT plus TST

prophylaxis strategy or the TST prophylaxis strategy alone was higher than the annual incidence of the general population of the Republic of Korea. It is not possible to conclude which of the LTBI prophylaxis strategies is superior. “
“Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic inflammatory disorder affecting synovial joints and many other organs. Most patients seen in clinical settings have a progressive chronic disease, with radiographic damage, frequent work disability, incremental functional declines and increased mortality AZD1208 cost rates. The introduction of the biological drugs in treatment of RA has played an important role in prevention of destructive effects of the disease but may have serious adverse effects due to their powerful inhibition of the immune system. To study the adverse effects (ADEs) of three different tumor necrosis factor α inhibitor (TNFi) drugs (infliximab, adalimumab and etanercept) in RA patients for 5 years in the south-west area of Saudi Arabia. Two groups of RA patients were included in this study: The first group included 112

patients, representing the biologics group. These patients received biological therapy plus disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs): 56 patients received infliximab (IFX), 36 patients received adalimumab (ADL) and 20 patients received etanercept (ETN). The second group also Erastin solubility dmso included 112 patients, representing the control group: RA patients treated only with the traditional DMARDs. ADEs were classified into mild and severe. The mild ADEs which had been recorded during 5 years of follow-up in patients receiving TNFi, were onycholysis (1.8%), positive tuberculin test (1.8%) and small vessel vasculitis (1.8%). Statistically, there were insignificant differences in the mild ADEs except for upper respiratory tract infection that was significantly higher in the control group. Severe ADEs included pneumonia (1.8%) and solid tumor (1.8%) and there were no significant differences between the biologics and control groups.

In this study we have shown that chronic stress disrupts limbic structure–PFC interaction by modulating N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor expression in the PFC. We found that chronic stress

decreased expression of NR1, NR2A and NR2B subunits of NMDA receptors in the PFC but not in the motor cortex. However, the reduction in NR2B subunits of NMDA receptors was larger in the dorsal part than the ventral part of PFC. In agreement with this observation, 17-AAG solubility dmso administration of the NMDA antagonist that was more selective for NMDA receptors containing NR2B subunits induced alterations of synchronous local field potentials between the PFC and limbic structures, synaptic plasticity induction in the limbic structure–PFC pathway, and spike firing of PFC neurons that were similar to those observed in the dorsal PFC of rats exposed to chronic stress. In contrast, administration of the NMDA antagonist that was not subunit-selective resulted in electrophysiological MAPK Inhibitor Library cell line alterations resembling to those observed in the ventral PFC of rats exposed to chronic stress. These results suggest that chronic

stress disrupts NMDA receptor-dependent limbic structure–PFC information processing. “
“Microvillous cells of the main olfactory epithelium have been described variously as primary olfactory neurons, secondary chemosensory cells or non-sensory cells. Here we generated an IP3R3tm1(tauGFP) mouse in which the coding region

for a fusion protein of tau and green fluorescent protein replaces the first exon of the Itpr3 gene. We provide immunohistochemical and functional characterization of learn more the cells expressing IP3 receptor type 3 in the olfactory epithelium. These cells bear microvilli at their apex, and we therefore termed them IP3R3 MV cells. The cell body of these IP3R3 MV cells lies in the upper third of the main olfactory epithelium; a long thick basal process projects towards the base of the epithelium without penetrating the basal lamina. Retrograde labeling and unilateral bulbectomy corroborated that these IP3R3 MV cells do not extend axons to the olfactory bulb and therefore are not olfactory sensory neurons. The immunohistochemical features of IP3R3 MV cells varied, suggesting either developmental stages or the existence of subsets of these cells. Thus, for example, subsets of the IP3R3 MV cells make contact with substance P fibers or express the purinergic receptor P2X3. In addition, in recordings of intracellular calcium, these cells respond to ATP and substance P as well as to a variety of odors. The characterization of IP3R3 MV cells as non-neuronal chemoresponsive cells helps to explain the differing descriptions of microvillous cells in the literature.

In a previous study, enfuvirtide was shown to prevent spontaneous cell death in lymphocytes from treated patients [34], and to protect CD4 T cells from in vitro HIV-1 envelope-induced bystander cell death [35]. Thus, control of cell death,

as a consequence of suppression of immune activation, Selleckchem BGJ398 is essential for naïve and memory CD4 T-cell restoration under enfuvirtide therapy. The expression of CCR5 has been directly associated with disease progression, high levels of CCR5 on CD4 T lymphocytes being correlated with high viral load, increased immune activation and low CD4 cell counts [36,37]. We have shown here that enfuvirtide-based salvage therapy induced a progressive HKI-272 cost decrease in CCR5 expression on CD4 T cells, strongly correlated with the suppression of immune activation and a decrease in the VL. Moreover, decreased CCR5 expression was positively correlated with CD4 T-cell restoration. Of note, enfuvirtide was found in vitro to be significantly more potent against R5 strains on primary CD4 T cells with low CCR5 levels [38]. A positive impact of controlled immune activation on CCR5 expression was previously reported during successful responses to HAART [39]. Enfuvirtide also induced a drop in the concentrations of CCR5-specific circulating chemokines

MIP-1α and MIP-1β, while RANTES concentrations did not change, as reported in previous studies on patients receiving PI-based antiretroviral therapy [40]. This study is the first to report detailed

circulating cytokine and chemokine signatures obtained with the Luminex approach in patients with chronic HIV infection and to assess their evolution under ART. We report that high levels of molecules associated with inflammation, including MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MCP1, IP-10 and IL-12, were detected at baseline, their levels being positively correlated with HIV VL. Enfuvirtide-based therapy had no effect on the levels of detected circulating cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10 and IL-15, while IL-12 release was markedly suppressed Thiamet G throughout the treatment. Baseline elevated levels of IL-12 sign the proinflammatory response induced by uncontrolled HIV replication, as recently reported in both gut-associated and peripheral lymphoid tissue [41] and in the genital tract [42] during acute infection. Suppression of circulating IL-12 levels under enfuvirtide-based therapy, associated with decreased expression of activation markers, and decreased AICD argue for a positive impact of this salvage therapy on the degree of immune activation. Suppression of circulating levels of IL-12 was correlated with suppression of the VL and CD4 restoration, suggesting a driving role for HIV in IL-12 up-regulation. The expression of the chemokine IP-10 has not been studied in detail in HIV-infected patients.

Three

potential tyrosine recombinases (RipX, XerC, and CodV encoded by the genes UU145, UU222, and UU529) have been annotated in the genome of U. parvum serovar 3, which could be mediators in the proposed recombination event. We document that only orthologs of the gene xerC are present in all strains that show phase variation in the two loci. We demonstrate in vitro binding of recombinant maltose-binding protein fusions of XerC to the inverted repeats of the phase-variable loci, of RipX to a direct repeat that flanks a 20-kbp region, which has been proposed as putative pathogenicity island, and of CodV to a putative dif site. Co-transformation of the model organism Mycoplasma pneumoniae M129 with both the ‘mba locus’ and the recombinase gene click here xerC behind an active promoter region resulted in DNA inversion in the ‘mba locus’. Results suggest that XerC of U. parvum serovar 3 is a mediator in the proposed DNA inversion event of the two phase-variable loci. “
“Streptomyces sp. TD-1 was identified as Streptomyces alboflavus based on its morphological characteristics, physiological properties, and 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis.

The antifungal activity of the volatile-producing S. alboflavus TD-1 was investigated. Results showed that volatiles generated by S. alboflavus TD-1 inhibited storage fungi Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus ochraceus, Inhibitor Library research buy Aspergillus niger, and Penicillum citrinum in vitro. GC/MS analysis revealed that 27 kinds of volatile organic compounds were identified from the volatiles of S. alboflavus TD-1 mycelia, among which the most abundant compound was 2-methylisoborneol. Dimethyl disulfide was proved to have antifungal activity against F. moniliforme by fumigation in vitro.

“
“The whiH gene is required for the orderly sporulation septation that divides aerial hyphae into spores in Streptomyces coelicolor. Here, we use a whiHp–mCherry transcriptional reporter construct to show that whiHp is active specifically in aerial hyphae, fluorescence being dependent on sporulation sigma factor WhiG. The results show that the promoter is active before Tenofovir price the septation event that separates the subapical compartment from the tip compartment destined to become a spore chain. We conclude that WhiG-directed RNA polymerase activity, which is required for whiH transcription, must precede this septation event and is not restricted to apical sporogenic compartment of the aerial hyphae. Further, it is demonstrated that WhiH, a predicted member of the GntR family of transcription factors, is able to bind specifically to a sequence in its own promoter, strongly suggesting that it acts as an autoregulatory transcription factor.

In contrast to transplantation of other organs for recovery of organ function,

the ultimate objective of UTx is pregnancy and delivery of healthy children. Thus, Bcl-2 apoptosis pathway in this study, the preliminary goal was recovery of uterine function. The surgical procedure for UTx, immunosuppression, diagnosis of rejection, ischemic reperfusion injury, changes in the immune mechanism during pregnancy and evaluation of uterine blood flow all require further optimization. Further accumulation of data from animal models, including pregnancy and delivery, is needed to establish clinical application of UTx in humans, although UTx in humans has become a clinical reality. Therefore, the preliminary experience in non-human primates reported here is an important step towards further UTx basic research and clinical application of UTx in humans. We are grateful to Dr Timothy Shim, Dr Kazuki Kikuchi and Dr Kensuke Tashiro (Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo) for help with surgery;

to Hirohito Kato, Nobuyoshi Ganetespib nmr Yamashita, Yoshiro Nishida, Kotaro Hanaki, Ryuichi Katagiri, Tomoko Shimonosono and Syuzo Koyama (Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories) for experimental support; to Noriko Kagawa (the chief of Repro Self Bank, Japan) for her advice with hormonal examination; to Tomoharu Mine and Yuhei Shigeta (IMI) for technical assistance and to Hiroshi Suzuki (Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Keio University) for technical assistance with the immunohistochemical analysis. This study was supported by the Strategic Research Foundation Grant-aided Project for Private Universities from Ministry of Education, Culture, Sport, Science, and Technology, Demeclocycline Japan (MEXT), a Keio University Grant-in-Aid for Encouragement of Young Medical Scientists, Kanzawa Medical Research Foundation, Akaeda Medical Research

Foundation, Inamori Research Foundation and the Program for the Next Generation of World-leading Research of the Japanese Cabinet Office (LS039). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript. “
“Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent chronic inflammatory condition associated with variable degrees of pelvic pain and infertility. Studies have showed that the growth and progression of endometriosis continue even in ovariectomized animals. This indicates that besides ovarian steroid hormones, the growth of endometriosis can be regulated by the innate immune system in the pelvic environment. As a component of innate immune system, increased infiltration of macrophages has been described in the intact tissue and peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis. Different immune cells and dendritic cells express Toll-like receptors (TLR) and exhibit functional activity in response to microbial products.

, 2003). The opportunistic pathogen

P. aeruginosa possesses two SODs (Mn-SOD and Fe-SOD), three catalases and four peroxidases (Ochsner et al., 2000). Notably, both P. syringae and P. aeruginosa contain catalases that are known or predicted to have a periplasmic or extracellular location, potentially providing a first line see more of defence against ROS (Klotz & Hutcheson, 1992; Brown et al., 1995; Klotz et al., 1995). The Cu-Zn SOD present in P. syringae is also predicted to have a periplasmic or extracellular location. The periplasmic and extracellular catalases produced by P. aeruginosa have been reported to show a high level of stability, either alone or in association with other proteins such as the ankyrin AnkB, which may enhance their efficacy during pathogenesis (Howell et al., 2000; Shin et al., 2008). While ROS-degrading enzymes are common in pathogen genomes and may act as virulence factors (Soto et al.,

2006), their importance for bacteria is not entirely understood, and some studies have provided conflicting evidence about their role in ROS tolerance. For instance, induction of SOD expression is correlated with improved survival of oxidant challenge, and bacteria with SOD genes knocked out are more susceptible to such challenge (Touati, 2002). However, work by Scott et al. in 1987 showed that Escherichia coli transformed with multiple copies of the gene for Fe-SOD were more easily killed by the superoxide generator, paraquat (methyl viologen). Liothyronine Sodium Further

work by the same authors found that E. coli mutants lacking SOD genes were sometimes more resistant ABT-737 order to ionizing radiation, whereas those with increased SOD levels were more sensitive (Scott et al., 1989). Nevertheless, SOD mutants of P. aeruginosa have been found to be less viable and to have less resistance to paraquat, as well as less virulence on silkworm (Bombyx mori; Iiyama et al., 2007). The virulence of P. aeruginosa in mice has also been shown to be correlated with SOD activity (Goto et al., 1991). Although SOD activity has been confirmed to be important for Pseudomonas pathogenesis in animal models, evidence for a role for SOD activity during plant pathogenesis is less clear. The pathogenicity of P. syringae pv. syringae B728a was found to be unaffected in SOD mutants lacking both Fe- and Mn-SOD activity (Kim et al., 1999). However, it is possible that the Cu-Zn SOD produced by this strain is sufficient to protect P. syringae from superoxide toxicity in plant leaves. Interestingly, interrogation of the Pfam database (Finn et al., 2010) shows that Cu-Zn SODs are not only present in plant pathogenic strains of P. syringae but also predicted to be present in a wide range of plant pathogenic and plant symbiotic bacteria, including Agrobacterium spp., Rhizobium spp., Xanthomonas spp., Ralstonia solanacearum, Burkholderia spp.

, 1998; Barkocy-Gallagher et al., 2004). Infected cattle are capable of shedding 102–105 CFU of E. coli O157:H7 per gram of feces (Wang et al., 1996; Campbell et al., 2001), and it can persist in manure and slurry (Kudva et al., 1998; Bolton et al., 1999; Lau & Ingham, 2001; Avery et al., 2005) and in soil, water, sediment, and animal carcasses

for extended periods of time (Mead & Griffin, 1998). Thus, contamination of the soil and surface water with E. coli O157:H7 in the vicinity of infected cattle herds occurs at high frequency, making it the main source of contamination of nonmeat food products (McGee et al., 2002). While E. coli O157:H7 is not thought of as an intracellular pathogen, it has been shown to survive within human macrophages for at least 24 h (Poirier et al., 2008) and in the soil protozoan Romidepsin Acanthamoeba polyphaga for at least 45 days (Barker et al.,

1999). This bacterial–protozoal interaction has certain implications as protozoa are widely acknowledged as reservoirs for bacterial pathogens such as Legionella, Listeria, Campylobacter, Pseudomonas, Helicobacter, Mycobacterium, Coxellia, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, and the harboring of these pathogens PLX3397 in vivo within protozoa has been associated with increased survival and persistence in environment (King et al., 1988), increased virulence (Cirillo et al., 1994; Rasmussen et al., 2005), and increased resistance to antibiotics (Barker et al., 1995; Miltner & Bermudez, 2000). With this in mind, protozoa may serve as a vehicle for E. coli O157:H7 environmental persistence and transmission Atorvastatin as well as preparing E. coli O157:H7 for enhanced survival during its journey through the rumen of cattle. We sought to characterize the transcriptome of E.

coli O157:H7 after exposure to the protozoan Acanthamoeba castellanii environment as a model for environmental and rumen exposure using microarrays to measure the transcriptional changes that occur in E. coli O157:H7 following uptake compared with standard planktonic growth conditions. Our results demonstrate that a significant portion of the E. coli O157:H7 genome, including many virulence-related genes, are differentially expressed as a result of the A. castellanii intracellular environment. Escherichia coli O157:H7 EDL933 (ATCC 43895) was grown in Luria–Bertani (LB) broth at 37 °C. Following overnight incubation, these cultures were diluted 1 : 100 in LB broth and incubated with shaking for 2 h before use in the Acanthamoeba assay. Acanthamoeba castellanii (ATCC 30010) was grown in ATCC PYG712 broth at 30 °C. An estimate of A. castellanii cell numbers was obtained using a Coulter particle counter. Acanthamoeba castellanii cultures were centrifuged at 100 g for 5 min, resuspended in fresh PYG712 broth to a density of 2 × 106 cells mL−1. Wells within six-well cell culture plates were seeded with 1 mL of this suspension. After 2 h of incubation, E.

For each marker gene, PCR products from three independent amplification reactions were purified by passage over a Qiaquick column (Qiagen) and sequenced on both strands by the fluorescence-labeled dideoxynucleotide technology using an ABI Prism® 310 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems). Raw sequence data were analyzed, combined into a single consensus sequence and where applicable translated into peptide sequences using the DNA Strider 1.3 software tool. Orthologous sequences from the genomes of selected Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria as well as Chlamydiae (Fig. 1) were identified using the BlastN or tBlastN software tools (Altschul et al., 1997) for the ribosomal RNA and the protein-encoding

marker genes, respectively. Sequence alignments EPZ5676 cost were performed by means of the Clustal W function (Thompson et al., 1994) of the Mega 4 program (Tamura et al., 2007) using an IUB DNA or a Gonnet protein weight matrix, respectively, with protein-encoding markers being aligned at the deduced amino acid sequence level; the corresponding nucleotide sequence alignments were generated from these amino acid alignments. The Tree-Puzzle 5.2 (Schmidt et al., 2002) and Mega 4 programs were used to estimate data set-specific parameters. The

number of nonsynonymous positions (N) and Jukes–Cantor-corrected numbers of nonsynonymous (dN) and synonymous (dS) substitutions were find more calculated in a modified Nei–Gojobori model (Nei & Gojobori, 1986). For phylogenetic reconstruction, the most appropriate models of DNA sequence evolution were chosen according

to the rationale outlined by Posada & Crandall (1998). From nucleotide sequence alignments, organism phylogenies were reconstructed with the maximum likelihood (ML) method as implemented in the PhyML software tool (Guindon & Gascuel, 2003) using the HKY model of nucleotide substitution (Hasegawa et al., 1985); protein-encoding nucleotide data were filtered by systematic suppression of third codon positions. For ribosomal RNA-encoding markers, additional neighbor G protein-coupled receptor kinase joining (NJ) and minimum evolution (ME) phylogenies were reconstructed in Mega 4 from unfiltered nucleotide sequence data under, respectively, the MCL (Tamura et al., 2004) and the K2P (Kimura, 1980) model of nucleotide substitution. For protein-encoding markers, NJ and ME phylogenies were generated applying a Jukes–Cantor-corrected modified Nei–Gojobori method to hypervariability-filtered nucleotide sequence data. Moreover, organism phylogenies were reconstructed for these markers from amino acid sequence alignments using the JTT (Jones et al., 1992) model of substitution with the ML, NJ, and ME methods. In all cases, a Γ-distribution-based model of rate heterogeneity (Yang, 1993) allowing for eight rate categories was assumed. Tree topology confidence limits were explored in nonparametric bootstrap analyses over 1000 pseudo-replicates. Consensus tree topologies were generated by means of the Consense module of the Phylip 3.

Most cases of toxoplasmosis in immunocompetent humans are asymptomatic, but 10% may have a mononucleosis-like illness of variable severity. Reported here are 14 cases of toxoplasmosis in returned travelers, two of whom required hospitalization. A trend toward lower seroprevalence of T gondii has been observed

in the United States and many European countries, with steady declines observed over the past few decades. T gondii seroprevalence declined from 14.1% to 9.0% from 1988 to 2004 among US-born persons ages 12–49.2 In France, estimated seroprevalence in pregnant women has fallen from 84% in the 1960s to 63% in 1999 to 44% in 2003.3 Foci of high prevalence exist CDK inhibitor in Latin America, parts of Eastern and Central Europe, the Middle East, parts of Southeast Asia and Africa (Figure 1).4 Prevalence rises with age, contact with cat feces or soil contaminated with cat feces, and eating undercooked meats. Rural origin is also associated with a higher prevalence in multiple studies, and at least one prior study has identified travel outside the developed world as a risk factor.4,5 We report 14 immunocompetent returned travelers with symptomatic primary toxoplasmosis, seen between January 1999 and February 2011. Twelve patients

were seen in the Department of Medicine clinics affiliated with the University of Utah, and two patients were seen in Montreal, Canada; each had positive IgM and IgG serologies on presentation. Regions of travel included Central America, South America, Africa, and France (see Table 1). The most common symptoms in this series were fatigue (93%) followed Doramapimod research buy by fever (71%) and headache (71%). This is slightly different from a series of 155 symptomatic crotamiton cases described in an outbreak in southern Brazil; the main symptoms were headache (87%), fever (82.5%), malaise (82.5%), and myalgia (80%).6 Another report of an outbreak in patrons of a riding stable in Atlanta, Georgia noted fever (89%), headache (84%), myalgia (60%), and anorexia (54%).7 This suggests toxoplasmosis should be considered

in the differential diagnosis of travelers with febrile illness or acute onset of fatigue, especially when EBV and CMV serologies are negative. A case series in returning travelers in Belgium found 4% of those with prolonged fever presented with mononucleosis like syndrome. Fifty percent of these had CMV, 22% had toxoplasmosis, 20% had EBV, and 8% had HIV.8 Prolonged fatigue, greater than 1 month, was noted in their series as in this series. The most common sign in this series was lymphadenopathy (71%), which is similar to the Brazilian series where lymphadenitis (75%) predominated as well. One patient had left periaortic lymphadenopathy seen on computed tomography, with the largest lymph node being 1.5 × 2 cm. Toxoplasma lymphadenopathy in this site has not been reported previously. Two patients in our series underwent surgical biopsy to confirm the diagnosis.