2 mL, flow of 1 mL/s, and positive end-expiratory

pressure of 2 cmH2O. The anterior chest wall was then surgically removed. A pneumotachograph (15 mm i.d., length 4.2 cm, distance between side ports = 2.1 cm) (Mortola and Novoraj, 1983) was connected to the tracheal cannula for the measurements of airflow (V′). Lung volume (VT) was measured by flow signal integration. The pressure gradient across the pneumotachograph was determined by means of a Valydine MP45-2 differential pressure transducer (Engineering Corp., Northridge, CA, USA). The flow resistance of the equipment (Req), tracheal cannula included, was constant up to flow rates of 26 mL/s and amounted to 0.12 cmH2OmL−1 s. Equipment resistive pressure (=Req·V′) was subtracted from pulmonary resistive pressure so that the present results represent intrinsic values. Tracheal pressure was measured with a Validyne MP-45 differential pressure Osimertinib solubility dmso transducer (Engineering Corp. Northridge, CA, USA). All signals were conditioned and amplified in a Beckman type R Dynograph (Schiller Park, IL, USA). Flow and pressure signals were passed through 8-pole Bessel low-pass click here filters

(902LPF, Frequency Devices, Haverhill, MA, USA) with the corner frequency set at 100 Hz, sampled at 200 Hz with a 12-bit analog-to-digital converter (DT2801A, Data Translation, Marlboro, MA, USA), and stored on a microcomputer. All data were collected using LABDAT software (RHT-InfoData Inc., Montreal, QC, Canada). Lung resistive (ΔP1) and viscoelastic/inhomogeneous Reverse transcriptase (ΔP2) pressures, total resistive pressure drop (ΔPtot = ΔP1 + ΔP2), static elastance (Est), and viscoelastic component of elastance (ΔE) were measured by the end-inflation occlusion method (Bates et al., 1985, 1988). Briefly, after end-inspiratory occlusion, there is an initial fast drop in transpulmonary pressure (ΔP1) from the pre-occlusion value down to an inflection point

(Pi) followed by a slow pressure decay (ΔP2), until a plateau is reached. This plateau corresponds to the elastic recoil pressure of the lung (Pel). ΔP1 selectively reflects airway resistance in normal animals and humans and ΔP2 reflects stress relaxation, or viscoelastic properties of the lung, together with a small contribution of time constant inequalities at the peripheral airspaces (Bates et al., 1988; Saldiva et al., 1992). Lung static elastance (Est) was calculated by dividing Pel by tidal volume. ΔE was calculated as the difference between static and dynamic elastances and reflects the viscoelastic component of elastance (Bates et al., 1985, 1988). Heparin (1000 IU) was intravenously injected immediately after the determination of pulmonary mechanics. The trachea was clamped at end-expiration and the abdominal aorta and vena cava were sectioned, yielding a massive hemorrhage that quickly euthanized the animals.

10 Furthermore, viral sequences with poor homology to known viruses may be difficult

to classify. The second challenge in studying the virome is that viral genomic Selleckchem Trichostatin A material can be a small proportion of the total nucleic acid in microbial communities because of the small genome sizes of most viruses and their low-level presence in some cases. This is particularly true for eukaryotic viruses producing persistent asymptomatic infection that may have as yet unappreciated effects on long-term human health.11 Polymerase chain reaction and culture are tools that can be used to characterize the virome. However, the use of these approaches requires up-front decisions about which viruses to look for, thus providing an informative but more limited view of the scope of the virome. Viral nucleic acids can be enriched using hybridization techniques such as microarray or capture,12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 and 19 and bound nucleic acids can subsequently be sequenced to provide additional information about the viral genomes. Some novel viruses can be detected by these selleck products methods if there is sufficient sequence homology to bind the viral probes.20, 21, 22 and 23 Enrichment of viral particles via filtration and gradient centrifugation24 can enhance the viral signal. However, enrichment techniques can bias against certain types of viruses, and intracellular and low-abundance

viruses can be lost during the enrichment process.24 High-throughput, deep sequencing technology is revolutionary, because it provides an unbiased approach that can detect even rare components of a microbial community. Nucleotide sequencing delivers great power for detecting known and novel viruses in clinical samples. Less than 10 years ago, the ABI 3730 capillary

sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) was the state-of-the-art platform for high-throughput sequencing, simultaneously generating sequences from 96 clones on a single run. The lengths of sequences generated on this platform are typically 500 to 800 bases. This relatively long length can be advantageous for discovering novel microbes with remote homologies to reference sequences. However, ABI 3730 sequencing Aspartate requires that the novel microbe be abundant in the original sample or cloned, because the cost per read limits the number of sequences that can be generated in an experiment. Sequences generated on the ABI 3730 were used for the initial sequence-based characterizations of nonviral microbial communities and for early studies in which novel viral pathogens were detected (discussed below). In the decade since capillary sequencing was used for the Human Genome Project, technology has increased the yield of sequence that can be generated per day from a single instrument by >30,000-fold while reducing cost by approximately 7000-fold.

, 2008; de Castro Junior et al., 2008; Vieira et al., 2007 and Vieira et al., 2005; Reis et al., 1999). PnTx3-4 irreversibly inhibits P/Q and N-type channels, whereas its action against R-type channels is incomplete and reversible ( Dos Santos et al., 2002). PnTx3-3 and PnTx3-6 reversibly and non-specifically inhibit a broad spectrum of high-voltage-activated Ca2+ channels, namely L-, N-, P/Q-, and R-type, with varying potency ( Vieira et al., 2005 and Vieira et al., 2003; Leao et al., 2000). Recent studies have suggested that these peptides can interfere with processes

related to ischemia-induced glutamate release and responses to pain ( Dalmolin et al., 2011; Agostini et al., 2011; Pinheiro selleck products et al., 2009; Souza et al., 2008). These three peptides decrease glutamate release as well as neuronal cell death in retina slices submitted to ischemic injury ( Agostini et al., 2011). Additionally, PnTx3-3 and PnTx3-6 have been shown to be effective for the control of neuropathic pain in animal models with no adverse motor effect ( Dalmolin et al., 2011; Souza et al., 2008); PnTx3-4 attenuates neuronal death and electrophysiological consequences of oxygen and glucose deprivation in brain slices ( Pinheiro et al., 2009); and PnTx3-6 has analgesic effects in rodent models of chronic and acute pain ( de Souza et al., 2011; Souza et al., 2008). Therefore, these peptides have the potential to be used in the therapeutic

management of pain and/or as neuroprotective drugs. Purification of toxins from P. nigriventer’s venom is an expensive, inefficient and time-consuming process.

see more Moreover, the yield for most toxins present in the venom is very low ( Cordeiro et al., 1993), making it difficult to complete characterize PD184352 (CI-1040) these peptides. Furthermore, pharmacological use of these peptides will only be feasible if they can be produced in large scale. Generation of recombinant toxins using Escherichia coli is an alternative approach and has been used previously to obtain functional recombinant toxins from the P. nigriventer spider ( Souza et al., 2008; Carneiro et al., 2003). In this study, we demonstrate for the first time the functional expression of the toxin PnTx3-4, a valuable scaffold for the development of new neuroprotective drugs. Oligonucleotides used for PCR reactions were synthesized by Sigma. Restriction endonucleases were purchased from New England Biolabs. The pE-SUMO LIC vector and SUMO protease I were obtained from LifeSensors Inc. (Malvern, USA). ORIGAMI (DE3) competent cells were supplied by Novagen Inc. (Madison, USA). Acetonitrile, Fura-2AM, glutamate dehydrogenase and Percoll were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (MO, USA). \Four oligonucleotides named Tx34A53, Tx34A35, Tx34B53 and Tx34B35 were used as template for the PCR reaction that produced the coding region for the PnTx3-4 toxin (Table 1). Another two oligonucleotides, Tx34SUMOF and Tx34SUMOR (Table 1) were used as primers of the same reaction.

A subgroup of 8 subjects of the sample also participated in a time-control protocol, which was conducted on a different day of the experimental protocol. The order of the control and experimental protocols was randomized in this subgroup. The control protocol was composed of selleckchem blood pressure and vascular

reactivity assessment before (baseline) and 10, 60, and 120 minutes after standing on a treadmill for 30 minutes without exercising, which was the approximate duration of the whole exercise bout procedure described next. The exercise bout consisted of a standard maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test performed on a treadmill (Master ATL, Inbrasport, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil). This consisted of 3 minutes of rest standing on the treadmill, 3 minutes of warm-up at 3 km/h and 0% grade, ramp protocol with linear increase in speed and grade every minute until maximal voluntary exhaustion,

and 5 minutes of recovery at 4 km/h and 0% grade. The ramp protocol was individualized according to predicted maximal exercise capacity to reach volitional fatigue at approximately 10 minutes of protocol.22 Subjects were verbally encouraged to exercise until exhaustion. All subjects met at least 2 of the following criteria to confirm that maximal effort was attained:23 (1) respiratory exchange ratio > 1.1; (2) heart rate within ± 10 beats/min−1 of the age-predicted maximum (210 – [age/0.65]); and (3) score 10 of perceived effort on Borg see more 0 to 10 scale. Ventilation, oxygen uptake, and carbon dioxide output were measured with each breath (CPX Ultima Gas Exchange System, Medgraphics Corp, St Paul, Minn). Electrocardiogram was monitored through 12 leads (Welch Allyn CardioPerfect Workstation, Welch Allyn, Skaneateles Falls, NY), and perceived exertion was assessed every minute. Breath-by-breath

ventilation and expired gases were averaged to 20 seconds to identify peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), which was considered the highest value of oxygen uptake during exercise. Vascular reactivity was assessed through venous occlusion selleck chemicals plethysmography. The right arm was supported in a comfortable position, elevated above the level of the heart at a standardized height. Two cuffs were used; one (8 cm wide) was placed around the right wrist, and one (10 cm wide) was placed around the right upper arm. The arm cuff was attached to a rapid cuff inflator (EC6, Hokanson, Bellevue, Wash). A mercury in silastic strain gauge (Hokanson, Bellevue, Wash) was placed at the widest girth of the right forearm. The diameter of the strain gauge was 1 or 2 cm smaller than the widest girth of the forearm. Forearm blood flow (FBF) was measured during 3 minutes at pre- and postischemia by means of rapidly inflating the arm cuff (<0.5 seconds) to 50 mm Hg, maintaining this pressure for 10 seconds, and rapidly deflating it to 0 mm Hg, maintaining this pressure for 10 seconds, thus completing a 20-second cycle.

Daily IVRS measurements included worst abdominal pain (WAP), stool consistency, bowel frequency, rectal urgency, and frequency of stool incontinence. Weekly measurement included the IBS Global Symptom score on a 0−4 scale (0 = none, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe, 4 = very severe), where patients were asked “How would you rate your IBS symptoms overall over the past 7 days?” During monthly clinic visits, patients completed patient-reported outcomes questionnaires, including the IBS-Symptom Severity Score (IBS-SSS; scaled 0−500

with higher scores indicating more severe symptoms), IBS-quality of life (IBS-QOL; scaled 0−100 with higher scores indicating better quality of life), and EuroQoL-5 Dimension (EQ-5D; scaled 0−1 with lower scores indicating better quality of life) buy PLX-4720 and answered the question “Over the past week have you had adequate relief of your IBS symptoms?” Safety assessments included capture of adverse events, clinical laboratory results, 12-lead electrocardiograms, vital signs, and physical examinations. As an additional safety precaution, IVRS-generated notifications were sent to investigators to discontinue patients from the study for PLX3397 molecular weight IVRS-confirmed constipation if the patients’ diary

entries indicated a lack of a bowel movement on 4 consecutive days on more than one occasion or the lack of a bowel movement on any 7 consecutive days (irrespective of whether an adverse event of constipation was reported). Additionally, the absence of diary entry on a given day was treated as the absence of a bowel movement by the IVRS; programmatic IVRS study withdrawal

notifications were generated for patients that were noncompliant with the IVRS for the same criteria as the absence of a bowel movement. Eligible patients were male or female aged 18 to 65 years who met the Rome III criteria for IBS-D,3 and who reported a mean daily WAP score of ≥3.0 (on a 0−10 numerical rating scale, where 0 indicates no pain and 10 worst pain imaginable) and mean daily stool consistency score of ≥5.5 on the Bristol Stool Scale (1 = hard, lumpy stools and 7 = watery, liquid stools) in the GBA3 week before randomization. Patients were also required to have had a colonoscopy within the past 5 years for any alarm feature, such as weight loss, nocturnal symptoms, familial history of colon cancer, or blood mixed with stool. Patients with histories of inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, intestinal obstruction, stricture, toxic megacolon, gastrointestinal perforation, fecal impaction, gastric banding, bariatric surgery, adhesions, ischemic colitis, impaired intestinal circulation, major vein thrombophlebitis, hypercoagulable states, major gastric, hepatic, pancreatic, or intestinal surgery, or evidence of significant hepatic or renal disease were excluded.

They also estimated the copy number of 3718 proteins in their sample, using a normalized spectral abundance factor; this reflects the spectral count of a protein versus its length as a measure of its abundance. This estimation ranged from 2.2 × 106 to less than 500 proteins. In addition, they also assessed the proteome variation PF-02341066 mw by relative quantitative mass spectrometry in platelets isolated from 4 different donors. They concluded that 85% of the 1900 proteins quantified showed almost no biological variation. This type of work represents a baseline for any project dedicated to the study of platelet function. Of note, data mining is an essential

step after proteomic analysis and the integration of the protein–protein interactions to construct the identified pathways is called systems strategy buy Mitomycin C and allows identifying clusters, i.e. groups of proteins, for further functional validation [62]. Proteomics has been used to study several

diseases triggered by genetic variants and affecting platelet reactivity, such as gray platelet syndrome [63] or cystic fibrosis [64]. Other pathologies associated with platelet function modulation were also explored, such as arterial thrombosis [65] or acute coronary syndrome [66]. Proteomics was also used to investigate the impact of aspirin or clopidogrel on platelet function [67] [68]. However, there is limited proteomics data

regarding the investigation of platelet reactivity variability. Progesterone The proteins involved in the cytoskeleton (gelsolin precursor isotype 2 and 3, and F-actin capping protein isotype 1) were found by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis down-regulated in stable cardiovascular patients under aspirin treatment and presenting a high platelet reactivity. This had been assessed using a Platelet Function Analyzer 100 (PFA-100™, Siemens, Marburg, Germany) [69]. These patients also showed a modulation of proteins involved in glycolysis (GAPDH and 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase) and in oxidative stress (heat shock protein 71 and 60, and glutathione S-transferase), which could lead to an increased turnover of platelets and might explain a poor response to aspirin treatment. As described above, several studies tried to identify genes potentially responsible for the variability of platelet reactivity in CV patients or in healthy subjects. They used several methods to select patients and several analytical approaches based on SNPs [32], [48], [49], [70] and [71], proteins [69], or a combination of the two [57]. However, they all focused on gene products taken separately. In addition, apart from a few exceptions such as PEAR1 or GP6, patient samples from these different studies may show inconsistency at the gene product level, but more homogeneity at the level of the pathways they belong to.

The Samples 4, 5 and 8 (with 4.27, 2.50 and 5.00 g/100 g MO, respectively) were statistically different (p < 0.05) to the Control. This is a possible indication that with larger amounts of MO there was greater retention of water in bread crumb. This Trametinib could mean that the polymer used as wall material has hydrophilic compounds. Previous studies have shown that the instrumental measurement of the color of baked products is inevitable for checking the quality of the products, determining the effects of variations in ingredients or formulations, process variables, as well as the storage conditions of bakery products

(Erkan et al., 2006, Gallagher et al., 2003 and Sanchez et al., 1995). According to the “Commission Internationale d’Éclairage” (1976), the value L∗ represents the lightness of the sample, comprising values from 0 (dark) to 100 (light) and the chromaticity coordinates a∗ and b∗ allow the calculation of the cylindrical coordinates C∗, which defines the color saturation index, and h°, which defines the hue angle. It is possible

to observe in Table 1 that the samples showed L ∗ ranging from 77.23 to 80.84, tending to yellow (h° close to 90°), and color saturation ranging from 15.98 to 23.33. The h° values did not allow for the data mathematical modeling (R2 < 0.70). The mathematical model (R2 = 0.88; Fcalc/Ftab = 4.05) for the dependent variable lightness (L∗) is shown in Equation (5). equation(5) Lightness=78.65−0.36RE−1.10MO+02.45MOLightness=78.65−0.36RE−1.10MO+0.45MO2

It is possible to observe that an increase in the concentrations of both MO and RE, within the ranges Lumacaftor price studied, caused a decrease in the lightness of the breads, with MO having a more pronounced effect. The values of lightness and color saturation of Samples 1, 2 and 7 (with 0.73, 0.73 and 0.00 g/100 g MO, respectively) were not statistically different (p > 0.05) from the Control, all presenting high values of L∗ and lower values of C∗, showing that low concentrations of microcapsules did not affect the color characteristics of bread. The mathematical model (R2 = 0.89; Fcalc/Ftab = 16.41) PD184352 (CI-1040) for the dependent variable color saturation (C∗) is shown in Equation (6). equation(6) Colorsaturation=20.11+2.96MO−0.36MO2 It is noticeable that only the microencapsulated omega-3 concentration (MO) had an effect on this response, as the increase of MO resulted in an increase of C∗. Although the color of microencapsulated omega-3 (L∗85.65 ± 0.15, C∗ 19.77 ± 0.15 and h° 86.00 ± 0.07) was lighter than that of the rosemary extract (L∗ 64.02 ± 0.37, C∗ 19.24 ± 0.19 and h° 86.32 ± 0.29), the lower lightness and higher color saturation of the bread samples containing higher concentrations of microcapsules can be explained by the lower volume of these bread (resulting in denser loaves), due to the interference of the microcapsules in the formation of gluten network, possibly by the composition of its wall material. The concentrations of the rosemary extract used (0–0.

The fistulotomy was done in the middle of the duodenal papilla roof, 1 cm above the papillar orifice, to gain access to the bile duct. The fistula was enlarged with a standard papillotomy in order to remove the bile duct stones (Figure 1 and Figure 2). ERCP is the standard treatment

for impacted bile duct stones at duodenal papilla. However the impacted Selleckchem Epigenetic inhibitor stone can lead to failure of deep cannulation with standard papillotomy and stone extraction. An endoscopic needle-knife fistulotomy can provide an artificial choledocoduodenal fistula thereby facilitating the removal of the stone.2 and 3 It is important after the fistulotomy a complete and large biliary sphincterotomy to permit total stone clearance and to avoid complications. The authors declare that the procedures followed were in accordance with the regulations

of the relevant clinical research ethics committee and with those of the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki). The authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work center on the publication of patient data and that all the patients included in the study received sufficient information and gave their written informed consent to participate in the study. The authors have obtained the written informed consent of the patients or subjects mentioned in the article. The corresponding author is in possession of this document. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. “
“O GE está em mudança. Conforme planeado, a edição passou, desde março de 2012, a ser feita pela prestigiada editora, Elsevier. Parece-nos que conseguimos acetylcholine assim uma revista de melhor Roxadustat nmr qualidade, e também a possibilidade de obter uma forma mais expedita de processar a receção dos artigos, subsequente envio para os revisores, eventual revisão e, finalmente, a publicação. O processo informático de submissão parece inicialmente um pouco complexo, e pedia para isso a vossa compreensão. No entanto, a médio prazo torna-se fácil de utilizar. Procuramos que, desde que o artigo é recebido até à sua publicação,

o tempo não ultrapasse os 4 meses. No momento atual, estamos a recuperar algum atraso, sobretudo no que diz respeito à publicação dos casos clínicos. Temos incentivado a publicação de «guidelines» e normas de atuação em Gastrenterologia por considerarmos ser de grande interesse o seu conhecimento pelos gastrenterologistas. Continuamos a receber um bom número de casos clínicos e de «flashs» endoscópicos. No entanto, gostaríamos de receber mais artigos originais e, nesse sentido, pedimos a vossa colaboração. De facto, tendo como objetivo a indexação da revista, este só será alcançado se aumentarmos a qualidade e o número dos artigos originais. Temos procurado que haja um Editorial por cada artigo publicado, para pôr em perspetiva os achados de investigação publicados, e pensamos que isso tem sido apreciado pelos leitores.

1H=0.1 m. Initially, dense cold water, with temperature perturbation T-T0=-0.5T-T0=-0.5 °C, fills one half of the domain, xwww.selleckchem.com/screening/chemical-library.html other half, x⩾L/2x⩾L/2. At t=0t=0 s, u=0u=0 m s−1 everywhere. At the end walls, x=0x=0, LL, a free-slip, no normal flow condition, u=0u=0 m s−1, is applied. At the bottom boundary, z=0z=0, a no-slip condition, u=0u=0 m s−1, is applied.

At the top boundary, z=Hz=H, a free-slip, no normal flow condition, w=0w=0 m s−1, is applied. Gravity currents at both no-slip and free-slip boundaries can therefore be considered in one simulation which is particularly useful for the comparison of the Froude numbers, Section 5.3. The velocity and pressure fields are discretised using a continuous Galerkin finite-element formulation (Piggott et al., 2008 and Piggott et al., 2009). Linear basis functions

are used for both fields and the loss of LBB stability is overcome through the use of a pressure filter (Piggott et al., 2009). A node-centred control-volume advection scheme with a Sweby limiter is used for discretisation of the temperature field (LeVeque, 2002, Sweby, 1984 and Wilson, 2009). A semi-implicit, Crank–Nicolson scheme is used to advance the equations in time, with a time step of Δt=0.025Δt=0.025 s and two non-linear Picard iterations. Epigenetic inhibitor For further details of these methods see the cited references and references therein. The simulations are run for 500 s. This allows both the propagation stage and the oscillatory stage to be simulated, Section 5.1. By the end of the time period, the system is expected to reach a less active state, CHIR-99021 ic50 with a significantly reduced or near zero mixing rate, Section 5.2 (Özgökmen et al., 2007). Time will be scaled by the buoyancy period Tb=2πN∞-1, where N∞=g′/H is the buoyancy frequency, Table 1 (Özgökmen et al., 2007); 500 s corresponds to a scaled time of t/Tb=25.2t/Tb=25.2.

The lock-exchange configuration is run using four different fixed meshes. The meshes are generated with Gmsh (Geuzaine and Remacle, 2009). The meshes produced have triangular elements and are structured in both the horizontal and vertical, Fig. 1. The fixed meshes are distinguished by the length of an element edge, |v||v|, in the horizontal and vertical with |v|=0.002|v|=0.002, 0.0005, 0.00025 and 0.000125 m. The simulations that use each of these meshes are labelled F-coarse, F-mid, F-high1 and F-high2, respectively. The number of vertices in each mesh is given in Table 2. The adaptive mesh capabilities in Fluidity-ICOM are for use with unstructured meshes, Fig. 1 (Applied Modelling and Computation Group, 2011). The process used to adapt the mesh can be divided into three main steps: metric formation, which determines how to adapt the mesh; mesh optimisation, the process of altering the mesh based upon the metric; and interpolation of the fields from the pre- to post-adapt mesh.

, 1996), and broaden-and-build theory (Fredrickson, 1998 and Fredrickson, 2001) to develop and test a model that accounts for individual-level information seeking behaviour, and the contingencies that lead to information seeking as a form of procrastination. Information processing styles, typically characterised as tendencies to use analytical or intuitive (heuristic)

approaches to choice (Dane & Pratt, 2007) influence decision processes and outcomes. Analytical processes are required for see more novel, complex problems whereas intuitive or heuristic processes are applied to numerous daily choices (Bargh et al., 1996 and Epstein et al., 1992). Theories of analytical and heuristic thinking rest on the dual-process concept which proposes two parallel, interactive

systems of thinking (Epstein, 1990 and Epstein et al., 1996). System 1 is intuitive, affect-laden and rapid. System 2 is cognitive, resource intense and requires time. Both systems yield positive outcomes. Analytical thinking is associated with effective decision making due to logical reasoning and fewer decision biases (Stanovich & West, 2002), and ability to focus on important aspects of information relevant to decisions rather than non-relevant contextual information (McElroy & Seta, 2003). Intuitive thinking is associated with expertise (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 2005) and effectiveness in solving everyday problems (Todd & Gigerenzer, 2007). While the dual-process model has universal application, the extent to which System 1 and System Cyclopamine concentration not 2 are applied, and the situational contingencies that influence their use, are subject to individual differences (Epstein et al., 1996). Therefore, theories that rest on dual-process modelling need to take

into account individual-level antecedents and moderating factors. Employing this approach, Griffin et al. (1999) developed the risk information seeking and processing (RISP) model. They proposed information seeking is driven by individual differences in perceived information sufficiency, and continues until the point of sufficiency is reached. Griffin et al. (1999) placed information seeking and information processing together as the dependent variables in their model, and proposed that they combine to produce four decisions styles relating to routine/non routine and heuristic/systematic processing. However, recent research into decision processes, also building on dual process models, has added a second information processing style: regulatory processes that influence whether a decision should be made immediately or delayed Dewberry, Juanchich, and Narendran (2013a) proposed both cognitive information processing (rationality vs. intuition) and regulatory information processing have direct effects on decision outcomes. For example, when faced with a decision about whether to eat food that could harbour harmful bacteria, there are choices about whether to go with past experience, i.e.