The final study population comprised 2241 children and adolescents (1112 boys and 1129 girls) ranging in age from 4 to 15 years. Values

for grip strength according to age, hand dominance, and gender are presented in Figure 1. Grip strength in both hands increased with age, showing a nearly linear progression for boys until the age of 12. Above the age of 12, the increase in strength shows acceleration in the dominant hand. A similar observation can be made for the non-dominant hand after reaching the age of 13. For girls, this acceleration was less prominent but began at the earlier age of 11 for both hands. Regardless of this acceleration, the difference in mean strength between all age groups was significant

for both hands and in both genders in favour of the older group (p < 0.01), with exception for the DNA Damage inhibitor values of the non-dominant hand between girls aged 13 and 14 where p was 0.02. A more extensive overview of all the results, including additional details regarding the study population, is presented in Table 1. Boys were significantly stronger than girls with the dominant hand at ages 4 (p = 0.02), 5 (p = 0.04), 6 (p = 0.003), 8 (p = 0.001), 9 (p = 0.001), and 14 (p < 0.001). For the non-dominant hand this was true at ages 4 (p = 0.03), 6 (p = 0.02), 8 (p < 0.001), 9 (p < 0.001), 11 (p = 0.01), and 14 (p < 0.001). With the exception of the dominant hand at age 7, where both genders scored equal, there was a trend for boys to score higher Proteases inhibitor than girls with both their dominant and non-dominant hand in all age groups. Methocarbamol The percentage difference in grip strength in favour of boys fluctuated, from 0–14% at ages 4 to 13, rising to 26% at age 14. In order to establish the association of gender, age, height, and weight with grip strength

in more detail, we performed a multilevel analysis adding them as fixed factors. Adding the school the child attended as an intercept resulted in a better fit of the model for both the dominant and the nondominant hand data. For both the dominant and the nondominant hand, the variables age, height, weight, and gender had a significant association with grip strength (p = < 0.001), resulting in the following predictive equations: Dominant hand=−20.59 (+ 1.09 if male)+0.85 * age (yr)+ 0.17 * height (cm)+0.14 * weight (kg) Non-dominant hand=−19.52 (+ 1.17 if male)+0.79 * age(yr)+0.16 * height (cm)+0.12 * weight (kg) A more extensive overview of these results is presented in Table 2. To our knowledge, this is the largest study to generate normative values of grip strength in children. Although other studies have provided normative data, the subgroups according to age and gender in most studies were small for establishing reference values (Ager et al 1984, De Smet and Vercammen 2001, Molenaar et al 2010, Newman et al 1984).

The standard primer sets VP7F/R and Beg9/End9 were used to amplify VP7, VP4F/R and Con2/Con3

to amplify the VP8* subunit of the VP4 gene and 10.1/10.2 to amplify NSP4 [20], [21] and [22]. PCR amplicons were purified using Tenofovir the QIAquick Gel extraction Kit (Qiagen, Inc., Hilden, Germany) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Purified cDNA was sequenced using BigDye Sequencing Kit version 3.1 (Applied Biosystems; Foster City, CA, USA) in both directions using the oligonucleotide primer sets used in the gene amplification PCR protocol. The thermal cycling reaction consisted of 30 cycles of 96 °C for 15 s, 50 °C for 10 s and 60 °C for 4 min and the products purified by ethanol precipitation. The nucleotide sequence was determined by Applied Genetic Diagnostics (University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia), using an ABI 3130xl Genetic Analyser (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). Sequence data were analysed utilising the Sequencher® Software program version 4.1 (Gene Codes Corp Inc., Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Sequence identity was determined using the BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool)

server on the GenBank database at the National Centre for Biotechnology Information, USA (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Sequences from this study and those obtained from the GenBank selleck screening library database were aligned using ClustalW [23]. Genetic distances were calculated using the Kimura-2 correction parameters at the nucleotide level and phylogenetic trees were constructed using the Neighbor-joining method with 500 bootstrap replicates utilising the program MEGA version 4 [24]. The nucleic acid sequences for genes described in this study have been deposited in GenBank (Accession numbers JN377704-JN377721). For simplicity, samples will be referred to by abbreviate common names, AS07-obV2, AS07-obV12, AS07-obV18, AS07-obV37, AS07-obV42, AS07-obV50,

AS07-obV57, AS07-obV75, AS07-obV93, and AS07-obV121. A total of 107 stool samples were collected during a large gastroenteritis outbreak in Alice Springs (Northern Territory) were sent to the Australian Rotavirus Reference Centre for genotype analysis. Seventy-eight samples were found to be rotavirus positive. Aprepitant Sixty-five samples were analysed by PAGE and silver stained to allow the visualisation and comparison of the electrophoretic pattern. An RNA electropherotype was visible in 57 samples; all samples displayed an identical long electropherotype (data not shown). Fourteen G9P[8] samples from the outbreak were selected for sequence analysis, including two samples from vaccinated infants. The coding region of the VP7 gene was determined for each of the 14 samples, and revealed a highly conserved gene, which displayed 99.9–100% nucleotide homology and 99.6–100% amino acid identity to each other. No conserved amino acid changes were observed between samples obtained from vaccinated and non-vaccinated patients.

Le travail de Dahabreh et al. [18], sur le lien entre activité physique

et contrainte cardiovasculaire, confirme ces données. Le risque relatif de complication lors de l’acte sexuel est comparable à celui de la pratique d’une activité physique modérée. On sait en revanche tout l’intérêt protecteur, vis-à-vis des complications cardiovasculaires au cours de l’activité physique, d’un entraînement régulier, ce qui doit inciter à recommander la pratique d’une activité régulière et adaptée chez les patients cardiaques désireux de maintenir une activité sexuelle. La compréhension de l’activité sexuelle ne peut pas se limiter à l’aspect des contraintes cardiovasculaires puisqu’elle comporte à l’évidence une dimension psychologique extrêmement importante, même s’il existe un grand nombre de pratiques GPCR Compound Library sexuelles différentes. Le maintien d’une activité sexuelle, aussi bien chez les hommes que chez les femmes, est évidemment fortement see more associé à la présence d’un partenaire [19]. Et l’on sait bien que les évolutions de notre société s’accompagnent d’une augmentation du nombre de personnes vivant isolément, sans compagnon, ce phénomène se majorant fortement avec l’âge. Vis-à-vis de l’activité sexuelle, il existe une forte différence entre homme et femme en termes de désir sexuel déclaré avec, dans toutes les études,

toujours un désir sexuel plus important chez les hommes que chez les femmes. De nombreux facteurs peuvent compromettre le désir d’une activité sexuelle au-delà des maladies cardiovasculaires, avec chez les hommes, des facteurs sociaux (chômage, faibles revenus) et chez les femmes, assez fréquemment, des traumatismes sexuels dans l’enfance [19]. Mais il existe ici un rôle central des syndromes dépressifs qui doivent être dépistés et pris en compte puisque ceux-ci sont très fortement associés à la fois aux maladies cardiovasculaires mais aussi aux troubles de la fonction sexuelle [20]. Le travail de Waite et al. [21], qui concerne 1150 femmes et 1455 hommes entre

57 et 85 ans, apporte un éclairage intéressant. Cette étude confirme la diminution régulière de la pratique d’une activité sexuelle avec l’âge, aussi bien chez les hommes que chez les femmes, et le rôle très important d’un partenaire dont la présence augmente fortement la pratique d’une Thalidomide activité sexuelle. Dans cette étude, les freins à la pratique d’une activité sexuelle chez les femmes sont, au premier rang, un manque d’intérêt pour l’activité sexuelle, puis une absence de plaisir au cours de l’activité sexuelle, des difficultés à parvenir à l’orgasme et des problèmes de sécheresse vaginale. Les hommes en revanche décrivent, par ordre décroissant de fréquence, un manque d’intérêt pour l’activité sexuelle, une anxiété vis-à-vis de leur performance, des difficultés à parvenir à l’orgasme et des problèmes d’éjaculation précoce. Mais ce qui est au devant de la scène, ce sont des troubles de la fonction érectile [21].

In addition, the abilities of mouse peritoneal macrophages to secrete TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-18 were significantly reduced in the DU300 group (p < 0.05), and the ability to secrete TNF-α in the DU30 group was significantly lower Apitolisib concentration than that in the control group (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the level of IL-6 secreted by macrophages or in

the phagocytic activity of neutral red particles (measured by OD at 550 nm) among the groups. After 4 months of exposure to DU, the serum immunoglobulin levels were significantly affected (Fig. 3). With the increasing DU exposure dose, there was a trend towards an increase in the total serum IgG level in the mice, which was increased approximately 25% in the DU300 group. The total serum IgG level in the DU30 group was also significantly higher than that in the control group (p < 0.05), whereas there was no significant difference between the DU3 group and the control group. The most striking change after chronic DU exposure was the total serum IgE level. Compared with the control group, the serum IgE level was significantly increased in the DU3, DU30, and DU300 groups (p < 0.05), and its level in the DU300 group was increased by approximately 200%. However, there was no significant difference between the MK-1775 manufacturer levels of total serum IgM among the groups. Interestingly, after the long-term consumption of DU-containing feed, the

proliferative ability of the mouse splenic cells stimulated with ConA and LPS deceased with the increase of the consumption dose (Fig. 4). ConA and LPS respectively stimulated the proliferation of splenic T cells and B cells Furthermore, the results revealed that in the DU30 and DU300 groups, the stimulation indexes of T cells were significantly lower, while the stimulation index of B cells were significantly higher, than in the control group; these differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant change in the stimulation

index of T cells in the DU3 group, and the stimulation index of B cell was still higher than that in the control group (p < 0.05). SRBCs were used to induce DTH in the mice, and at 24 h after the second injection of SRBCs, the plantar thickening ratio in the DU300 group was significantly less why than that in the control group, as well as those in the DU30 and DU3 groups (p < 0.05). By contrast, there was no significant difference between the DU30 or DU3 group and the control group ( Fig. 5). Flow cytometry revealed that after long-term exposure to DU, the mouse splenic B cell surface receptor (BCR) changed. With increasing doses of DU exposure, the proportion of the total splenic B lymphocytes (estimated via mIgM+) showed an increasing trend ( Fig. 6A), and the ratio of mature B cells (mIgM+mIgD+ double positive cells) to total B cells also gradually increased ( Fig. 6B).

5) (Media Cybernetics, Inc., MD, USA). The mean of all the measurements (measured by one

blinded, previously calibrated examiner) was expressed as the total apposition for each animal, and then selleck compound divided by the time between administrations of the fluorescent markers to give the dentine apposition rate per day. It is important to comment here, that this study was reproduced twice under the same conditions. ALP plasma levels from C6 and T6 groups were measured as the release of thymolphthalein from thymolphthalein monophosphate using a commercial kit (Labtest Diagnostica S/A, MG, Brazil). Briefly, 50 μl of thymolphthalein monophosphate was mixed with 0.5 ml of diethanolamine buffer, 0.3 mmol/ml (pH 10.1), and left for 2 min at 37 °C. Afterwards, 50 μl of the plasma sample was added. This stood for 10 min at 37 °C, then 2 ml of a solution of Na2CO3 (0.09 mmol/ml) and NaOH (0.25 mmol/ml) was added to allow colour development. The absorbance was measured at 590 nm by ELISA (Molecular Devices, CA, USA), and ALP levels were calculated from a standard solution and data are expressed as U/L of ALP. The left hemimandibles from C10 and T10 groups were sectioned transversely at the first molar

region (Fig. 1a). The fragments obtained were embedded in epoxy resin (Buehler, Lake Bluff, IL, USA) and wet-polished for microhardness testing (Future Tech-FM-1E, Tokyo, Japan). Five indentations were performed check details at dentine mesial face of incisor, each separated 200 μm from another. Indentations were done with a 25 g load during 5 s. The mean of the values obtained from indentations was expressed as Knoop Number Hardness (KNH). Initially, it was observed in a pilot study that after polishing the incisor mesial face at a 200 μm depth into the tooth (from the outer surface), the dentine tubules were arranged transversely, exposing the peritubular and intertubular dentine features (Fig. 2). For the EDX microanalysis, the right hemimandibles Arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase of C10 and T10 were cross-sectioned at the first molar region (Fig.

2a). The incisors were extracted and the mesial face was wet-polished at a 200 μm depth from the outer surface, using 1200 and 2000-grit silicon carbide papers (Norton S/A, SP, Brazil) (Fig. 2b). After ultrasonic cleaning in deionized water (B-1210-MTH, Branson Ultrasonic Corporation, CT, USA), the specimens were dehydrated in alcohol until 100% and then dried in a recipient containing silica gel. The specimens were carbon-coated (Desk II Sputtering, Denton Vacuum, NJ, USA) and the elemental content of dentine was analyzed using EDX microanalysis by images obtained in SEM (JXA-840A; JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) under 25 kV and 3000× magnification. For each specimen, six images were obtained (1200 μm2 each) (Fig. 2c and d) and the element content in at.% of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), oxygen (O) and magnesium (Mg) was measured in the peritubular and intertubular dentine; later, the Ca/P ratio was calculated.

The sensory irritation threshold (TB100 or RD0 for pure sensory irritants) in mice was considered the lowest-observed-(adverse)-effect-level

(LO(A)EL) in humans, because the development of a reflex may require a certain effect to be presented before the reflex is activated (Nielsen et al., 2007). In general, sensory irritants have steep exposure-response relationships, why we use an AF of 2 for extrapolation from the LOAEL to the NOAEL in humans as established for exposure of ammonia, another potent sensory irritant (Nielsen et al., 2007). Previously, an AF of 5 for protection of potentially sensitive individuals was established (Nielsen et al., 2007). Thus, for prevention of sensory irritation in the general population an overall AF of 10 (2 × 5) is used for extrapolation from RD0 Akt inhibitor or TB100 to the human RF for sensory irritants. An additional AF for extrapolation to longer exposure periods was excluded, because a 10-day repeated exposure study with the reaction products of limonene showed that the effects

were mainly driven by sensory irritation and not cumulative at low dose sensory irritant exposure (Wolkoff et al., 2012). Quality assurance selleck chemicals llc of the overall AF can be obtained from the mean relationship between the concentration depressing the respiratory frequency in mice by 50% (RD50) and the RD0 (RD0 ∼ 0.15 × RD50) (Nielsen, 1991 and Nielsen et al., 2007); this is based on the mean slope of the exposure–response relationships and the Threshold Limit Value (TLV) (occupational exposure limit (OEL)) value for sensory irritants, TLV ∼ 0.2 × RD0. These relationships were derived from the equation, TLV ∼ 0.03 × RD50, which has been substantiated for sensory irritants (Nielsen et al., 2007 and Schaper, 1993). Thus, the size of the AFs for extrapolation

from the mouse Forskolin chemical structure NOEL to the human RF (5 for protection of workers and 10 for protection of the general population) can be considered reasonably scaled. AFs are not available for airflow limitation and pulmonary irritation; airflow limitation has been shown to accumulate at high concentrations of ozone and isoprene (Rohr et al., 2003). Thus, for extrapolation of inhalation data between species no AF (=1) or a low AF (=2.5) is considered adequate for local effects (ECHA, 2010). We selected an AF of 2. Since the sensitivity within the general population is unknown, an intraspecies default AF value of 10 was selected (ECHA, 2010). Two conditions exist for extrapolation to a 24 h continuous exposure. One is that no cumulative effect is considered to occur, if the effects are reversible within the 30-min recovery period at concentrations considerably higher than the NOEL. Since the exposures were for 1 h, a cumulative effect was disregarded if an effect was absent at concentrations ≥24 × NOEL.

GNN was

as effective as placebo in achieving therapeutic success in constipated children [8]. In the second, multicenter, 2-nation (The Netherlands and Poland) trial (n = 159) [9], children aged 3–16 years with functional constipation according to the Rome III criteria were randomly allocated to receive a fermented dairy product with Bifidobacterium lactis I-2494 (B. lactis) twice daily for 3 weeks or a comparable placebo. The effectiveness of the experimental treatment was comparable to that of the placebo [9]. Follow-up data were collected using a standardized questionnaire at 24 months after completion of the GNN study and at 36 months after completion of the B. lactis study. Participants were contacted by phone or regular mail. The questions asked related to the frequency, size, and consistency of stools defecated into the toilet, the presence of abdominal pain, and RG7422 concentration the need for laxative therapy. The primary outcome measure was treatment success, defined as ≥3 spontaneous bowel movements with no episodes of soiling during the last week, no abdominal pain, and no need for laxative treatment. The secondary outcomes were functional constipation according to the Rome III criteria and the need for laxative treatment. The computer software Stats Direct [version 2.7.9.(2012-07-09)] was used to calculate the relative risk (RR) and mean difference (MD), both with a 95%

Selleck PLX3397 CI. The difference between study groups was considered significant when the p value was <0.05, when the 95% CI for RR did not include 1.0, or when the 95% CI for MD did not include 0. All statistical tests were two tailed and performed at the 5% level of significance. The baseline characteristics of the 2 included populations [8] and [9] are summarized in Table I. The primary and secondary outcomes are summarized in Table II. In the GNN study, follow-up data at 24 months were obtained from 63 of 72 (87.5%) of the children. Overall, treatment success was reported in 36 of 63 (57%) of the children, and there was Edoxaban no difference in treatment success rates between the GNN and placebo groups (RR 1.08, 95% CI 0.70 to 1.66).

Functional constipation was reported in 17 of 63 (27%) of the children; the rate did not differ between groups (RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.38 to 1.94). The need for laxatives was reported in 13 of 63 (21%) of the children; the rate was similar in both groups (RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.31 to 2.20). The mean age of children with constipation was higher than that of children with treatment success, although the difference was of borderline statistical significance (9.7 ± 3.19 vs. 7.83 ± 3.4 years; MD 1.87, 95% CI −0.01 to 3.75). In the B. lactis study, only a subset of 76 children enrolled in Poland was invited to participate in the present follow-up. Follow-up data at 36 months were obtained from 57 of 82 (70%) of the children ( Table II). Treatment success was achieved in 26 of 57 (46%) of the children, and the rate did not differ between the B.

To reflect the causal relationships among different factors affecting the clean-up costs in a probabilistic fashion, the Bayesian Belief Networks (BBNs) are used as a medium to propagate the available knowledge through a model. For this purpose, literature survey

and expert knowledge are extensively utilized and systematically organized. In order to validate the model, the case studies are performed, whereby the outcome of the model for given scenarios is compared with the result based on the existing models provided in the literature, with which good agreement is found. The study does not include any socioeconomic and environmental costs, nor does it include waste management procedures. It is also assumed that the oil spill in the model happens all at once, and only three seasons are considered, leaving winter out of the scope of the analysis. selleck chemicals llc Moreover, we assume, that in the case of an oil spill, only the Finnish fleet capability www.selleckchem.com/products/PD-0325901.html is used, and no assistance from neighboring countries or EMSA is given. Nevertheless, the presented model quantifies the costs of oil-spill clean-up operations, which can be further utilized for the purpose of oil-combating fleet optimization adopting the cost-benefit analysis. This in turn, can be utilized in the framework of formal safety assessment aimed at enhancing

maritime safety – (Hanninen et al., 2013 and Goerlandt and Kujala, 2011) – including protection of life and health, the marine environment – (Lecklin et al., 2011 and McCay et al., 2004) – and property – (Montewka et al., 2012 and Montewka et al., 2010) – by using risk analysis and cost benefit assessment. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 presents methods and describes the probabilistic model. Section 3 find more shows and discusses the results, which are obtained. Section 4 provides concluding remarks. As the oil spill cleanup-cost estimation model consists of many uncertain variables, which very often are of a probabilistic nature, there is a need to adopt a proper modeling technique to handle these uncertainties. For the purpose of this study, we adopted BBNs, which

are recognized tools to represent one’s knowledge about a particular situation as a coherent network, see for example Darwiche (2009). Moreover, BBNs allow instantaneous reasoning under uncertainty and allows one to effectively update a model when new knowledge is available. This is an increasingly popular method for modeling uncertain and complex domains, see for example Montewka et al., 2012, Montewka et al., 2011, Uusitalo, 2007 and Aguilera et al., 2011. BBNs are especially used to simulate domains containing some degree of uncertainty caused by imperfect understanding or incomplete knowledge of the state of the domain, randomness in the mechanism or a combination of these circumstances, see Bromley et al., 2005, Montewka et al., 2010 and Eckle and Burgherr, 2013. BBNs can also be used as a way to facilitate decision making, see Lehikoinen et al.

Samples were centrifuged for 10 min for a minimum of 90 s at

10,000 × g. The upper phase was transferred to cryovials and kept frozen at −20 °C until analysis. Clinical chemistry analysis was performed using an Express Plus Chemistry Analyzer (Bayer Inc, Toronto, ON). Serum was analysed specifically for levels of serum creatinine, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine amino transferase (ALT), bilirubin (BUN), total protein, uric acid, calcium, cholesterol, glucose, albumin and inorganic phosphorous. DNA adducts were analysed for the lung and liver samples collected 4 h after the last exposure. 32P-postlabelling assay was carried out on liver and lung DNA as described in Godschalk et al. (1998). Briefly, DNA (10 μg) was digested with micrococcal endonuclease and spleen phosphodiesterase and subsequently Cyclopamine research buy click here treated with nuclease P1 to remove the 3′-monophosphate from unmodified nucleotides. Adducted nucleotides were radiolabelled using T4-polynucleotide kinase and γ-32P-ATP (50 μCi/sample). Radiolabelled adducted nucleotide biphosphates were separated by thin layer chromatography on PEI-cellulose sheets.

Three standards of BPDE modified DNA with known modification levels (1 adduct/106, 107 and 108 nucleotides) were run in parallel for each experiment. Chromatographs were analysed using phosphor-imaging technology. A portion of the DNA digest was used to determine the final amount of DNA in the assay by HPLC-UV. Total RNA was isolated from random sections of the left lung using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen) and purified using RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen). All RNA samples

showing A260/280 ratios between 2.0 and 2.1 were further analysed for RNA integrity using an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, Mississauga, ON, Canada). Only high quality RNA (28S/18S > 1.8) was used for analysis. The mirVana miRNA Isolation Kit (Ambion, Streetsville, ON, Canada) VAV2 was used to isolate RNA from random left lung sections, according to the manufacturer’s protocol and as described in Yauk et al. (2010). RNA quality and quantity were determined as described above. Global mRNA profiling was conducted on 5 control samples alongside 5 mice exposed to 150 mg/kg and 5 mice exposed to 300 mg/kg BaP from the 4 h time point for both liver and lung. Individual total RNA (250 ng) samples and universal reference total RNA (Stratagene) were used to synthesize double-stranded cDNA and cyanine labelled cRNA according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Agilent Linear Amplification Kits, Agilent Technologies). Experimental samples were labelled with Cyanine 5-CTP, and reference RNA with Cyanine 3-CTP (Perkin-Elmer Life Sciences, Woodbridge, ON, Canada). Cyanine-labelled cRNA targets were in vitro transcribed using T7 RNA polymerase and purified by RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen).

Functional data were motion corrected using a spatial transformation which realigned all functional volumes to the first volume of the run and subsequently realigned the volumes to the mean volume. The anatomical scan was co-registered to the mean volume and segmented. The anatomical and functional images were then normalised to the Montreal Neurological Institute

(MNI) template using the parameters issued from the segmentation keeping the voxel resolution of the original scans (1 × 1 × 1 and FG-4592 solubility dmso 3 × 3 × 3 respectively). Functional images were then smoothed with a Gaussian function (8 × 8 × 8 mm). EPI time series were analysed using the general linear model as implemented in SPM8. Functional data were analysed Trametinib in one two-level random-effects design. The first-level, fixed-effects individual participant analysis involved a design

matrix containing a separate regressor for each block category (1–6). These regressors contained boxcar functions representing the onset and offset of stimulation blocks convolved with a canonical haemodynamic response function (HRF). To account for residual motion artefacts the realignment parameters were also added as nuisance covariates to the design matrix. Using the modified general linear model parameter estimates for each condition at each voxel were calculated and then used to create contrast images for each category relative to baseline: AV-P > baseline, AV-O > baseline, A-P > baseline, A-O > baseline, V-P > baseline, V-O > baseline. These six contrast images, from each participant, were taken forward into the second-level two factor (modality and category) ANOVA. The order of conditions was: Audiovisual (Person); Audiovisual (Object); Audio only (Person); Audio only (Object); Visual only (Person); Visual G protein-coupled receptor kinase only (Object).

Stimulus condition effects were tested with A(P + O) > baseline for sounds, V(P + O) > baseline for images and AV(P + O) > baseline for cross-modal sound-image. These contrasts were thresholded at p < .05 (FWE peak voxel corrected) with a minimum cluster size of five contiguous voxels. The inclusion of non-face and non-vocal stimuli also allowed us to examine selectivity for faces and voices. We identified face-selective and voice-selective regions, firstly with inclusion of audiovisual conditions (i.e., AV-P + V-P > AV-O + V-O for face selective, AV-P + A-P > AV-O + A-O for voice selective), and then with only unimodal conditions included. These contrasts were thresholded at p < .05 (FWE correction for cluster size) in conjunction with a peak voxel threshold of p < .0001 (uncorrected). In addition, we imposed a minimum cluster size of 10 contiguous voxels. We then identified ‘people-selective’ regions as those who showed a ‘person-preferring’ response, regardless of the condition, whether this was audiovisual, audio only, or visual only (i.e., AV-P + A-P + V-P > AV-O + A-O + V-O).