1A and B),

as much in the sarcoplasm as in the endomysium. The animals of TD group (Fig. 1D) presented a reaction in the sarcoplasm very similar to the one observed on the control groups; on the other hand, the recovery was not that evident on the endomysium. The technique of picrosirius-hematoxylin (Fig. 2) showed a LY2835219 purchase little increase on the concentration of collagen fibers on the endomysium of the animals from SD group (Fig. 2C) when compared to the control groups (Fig. 2A and B), showing a possible deposition of this kind of fiber. The TD group (Fig. 2D) presented a reaction a lot similar to the ones seen on the SC and TC groups. The ammoniacal silver technique did not show too much of a difference among the individuals of the four groups, except that the animals of group SD (Fig. Ribociclib clinical trial 3C) had a little higher reaction in comparison with the animals

of the groups SC, TC and TD (Fig. 3A, B and D, respectively). Diabetic animals showed a characteristic hyperglycemia, which is considered the main factor, at cellular level, responsible for the morphological damage caused by diabetes. The hyperglycemia seems to be the central mechanism triggering the processes that lead to the ultimate pathologic changes of myocardial hypertrophy, fibrosis, and collagen deposition (Aneja et al., 2008). This condition causes an oxidative stress and activates messenger pathways that lead to cardiac fibrosis

and cell death. The link between hyperglycemia and the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy seems to involve the accumulation of advanced glycated end products (Aragno et al., 2008). Practicing physical exercises regularly is well known as an effective way to prevent numerous chronic diseases, such as diabetes. This regular practice improves the metabolic find more control on diabetic individuals, an important component on the treatment of diabetes mellitus (American Diabetes Association, 1994). Several studies have shown the benefit effects of exercise on the control of glucose levels, both on animal experimentation and as on humans (Hardin et al., 1995, Aronson et al., 1997, Gobatto et al., 2001, Gomes et al., 2005 and Gomes et al., 2009). In the present work, although not statistically significant, exercise promotes a slight decrease in blood glucose levels. This reduction may have been sufficient to prevent some morphological changes caused by hyperglycemia. The muscle contractile stimulus lead to the translocation of the GLUT4 to the plasmatic membrane by the AMPK’s signalers pathway (Machado et al., 2006), improving the glucose caption.

Finally, if small-scale fishing is kept out of the TFC system (as stressed above), a thorough control on the overall catches cannot be carried out, especially in a context such as the Mediterranean one, where small-scale fisheries has a very significant incidence on the overall catches. In the Mediterranean, a TFC system based on quotas of caught fish, with all the limitations discussed above, could be appropriate only if applied to single-species fisheries, such as clam fishing, with direct management of TFCs by Fishermen Consortia or Producers’ Organizations, which have the responsibility

to determine quotas within the overall limits (TAC and contingencies) defined by Member States. It is worth pointing out that a type of RBM management that can be associated to the TURF (Territorial Use Rights in Fisheries) concept has been put in place for clam (Chamelea gallina) fisheries BAY 80-6946 concentration EX 527 manufacturer in the North Adriatic Sea. In this area Fishermen Consortia are directly responsible for the management of clam fishing; within National and European legal framework (daily catches per fishing vessel are fixed by Ministerial Decree [43]), stakeholders are allowed to determine daily quotas, fishing time, seeding, time closures, according to the state of

resources and the commercial situation. This is a typical example of bottom-up management, where stakeholders are directly involved in the decision making process. On the other hand, when stakeholders are not involved in the decision making process, any change to the rules is considered as a top down imposition and often this is not the most effective solution. This is the case of quotas fixed by International bodies (ICCAT, CGPM) or by the National and EU Administration, Sodium butyrate that are usually perceived by fishermen as an imposition. The top down approach commonly raises noncompliance decisions and illegal activities, enhancing the need for enforcement effort. The principle is that it is better to have a plan that has been widely discussed and shared, rather than a plan developed

by managers and ignored by the majority of stakeholders. However, Territorial Use Rights are only appropriate for the exploitation of sedentary resources, such as clams, where there is no competition between territorial rights owners and fishermen exploiting the resources out of the TURF area. A management system based on TFC could be theoretically reasonable also for anchovy fishing (pelagic trawling or purse seining), where a few species are caught. However, all countries and stakeholders of a basin where resources are shared (e.g. on all Adriatic fleets) should be involved assessing the appropriateness of such an approach for the improvement of overall fisheries sector and the state of resources. In general terms, in the Mediterranean the disadvantages of developing fisheries management systems based on TFC seem always to be higher than the advantages.

9 km2 and has about 6 km of coastline. It was founded in the 12th century and selleckchem remained a small coastal fishery town until the 19th century, when the town was discovered by tourists and seaside holidays at the German Baltic coast became popular. Today, tourism is the major source of income, and Warnemünde belongs to the most important of German seaside resorts. The town provides over 10 000 tourist beds and recorded 313 000 guest arrivals in 2012 and more than 1 000 000 tourist overnight stays (Statistisches Amt Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, 2012). The annual degree of bed capacity utilisation is only 27.9%, which reflects the dependency on summer bathing tourism and a relatively short season. A solid pier in

Warnemünde protects the entrance of Rostock harbour and causes ongoing accumulation of sand. As a result, the town has Selleck MK-2206 a broad sandy beach about 3 km long, and a growing dune belt protects against storm surges. The beach, which has been awarded the Blue Flag, attracts additional visitors from the city of Rostock (204 000 inhabitants in 2011) as well as day visitors from Northern Germany, especially from Berlin. Consequently, the beach is crowded during the summer season. Located at the entrance of Rostock harbour and Breitling bay, Warnemünde became an important ship-building location during the 20th century, but the industry has faced a serious decline during the last two decades. After German reunification in 1990 and

the resulting political changes in the entire Baltic region, sport-boat and cruise tourism started to grow quickly. In 2012, 181 cruise ships (or 300 000 passengers) visited Warnemünde, making it the most important cruise ship port in Germany. Close to 1 000 sport boats berths are available. Today, fisheries and the small local fish market have only limited economic importance, but are maintained as a cultural heritage and tourist attraction. Parts of the dune belt, the coastal cliffs, Staurosporine datasheet and the coastal forests are under nature protection programs. Neringa municipality is located on

the Curonian (Kuršių) Spit – a narrow peninsula, separating the Curonian (Kuršių) Lagoon from the Baltic Sea. It is the longest (about 50 km) municipality of Lithuania at the border to Russia. Neringa was founded in 1961, when the five settlements Nida, Juodkrante, Preila, Pervalka and Alksnyne were joined into one administrative unit. Neringa is part of Kursiu Nerija National Park, a designated HELCOM Baltic Sea Protected Area and a Natura 2000 site. The area is protected as one of the largest and most complex dune habitats in Europe. Moreover, it is an important migratory bird convergence space and known for rare breeding bird species. Forests cover about 83% of total area, but most are protected and used only for recreational purposes (Statistics Lithuania, 2012a). The shoreline between Nida and Juodkrante is relatively stable. Artificial fore-dunes along the Baltic coast protect coastal villages from destructive sand drift.

Therefore, this protein might play an important biological role in aggressive leukemias and might offer additional strategies for the development of new therapies. To assess the protein expression pattern of PAR-1, we prospectively analyzed 61 peripheral blood samples (Table 1) of 7 patients with B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL), 11 with B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), 10 with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) subtype M3, 16 with AML subtypes M4 and M5, 6 with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in chronic phase and 7 with CML in blast phase. Patients were from Instituto Estadual

de Hematologia Arthur de Siqueira Cavalcanti (HEMORIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The median age was 35 years (range 3–82 years). Diagnosis followed the criteria proposed by the FAB classification [18]. Patients with B-ALL were stratified into high and low risk according to the following parameters: MAPK Inhibitor Library research buy presence or absence of tumor mass and visceromegalies, leukocyte number, measurement of DHL and response to treatment. For analysis of mRNA, 32 samples from patients with

CML (23 in chronic phase and 9 in blast crisis) from Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto,Universidade de São Paulo, were included in this study. Peripheral blood samples from healthy donors were used as control for analysis of PAR-1 expression in lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee at HEMORIO

and USP and an informed consent was obtained from each patient. Expression of PAR-1 was evaluated 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase by flow cytometry employing whole peripheral blood collected in EDTA tubes from Selleckchem Nivolumab healthy donors and leukemic patients. Cell concentration was adjusted to 1 × 106 cells/mL and incubated with 1 mL of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) containing 2% fetal calf serum for 15 min at room temperature in order to prevent nonspecific antigen-antibody complexes. Samples were then centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 5 min and the supernatant discarded. Cells were further incubated for 30 min, at 4 °C in dark, with phycoerythrin-labeled murine monoclonal antibodies against human PAR-1 (sc-13503, Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc, USA) or isotype controls (normal mouse IgG1, Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc., USA). After washing to remove unbound antibody, red cells were removed by incubation for 10 min with 2 mL of lysis solution (FACSLysing, ca349202, BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA) and centrifuged for 5 min at 2000 rpm. Cells were washed again and analyzed using a FACScalibur (Becton-Dickinson, USA). The mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of 10,000 events was determined for each sample and data further analyzed using the CellQuest software. Patients evaluated in this study were classified according to their immunophenotypic profile, based on the presence or absence of specific cell surface markers for each type of leukemia.

CITES entered into force on July 1, 1975. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten the survival of the species in the wild, and it accords varying degrees

of protection to more than 33,000 species of animals and plants (CITES, Wikipedia). CITES has helped immensely in the conservation of and in regulation of trade of those flora and fauna that are considered to be threatened, endangered or are increasingly subjected to trade around the world. CITES also works against introduction of invasive species when live specimens are involved. As a researcher working on corals, I am aware how reef animals such as fishes, Metformin corals, Saracatinib datasheet molluscs and crustaceans have been or are still being exploited for trade. Most of the scleractinian coral species (592 as of 23 June 2010) are listed in the Appendix II of the

CITES treaty (Wijnstekers, 2011). This means corals belong to those species category that are not necessarily threatened with extinction, but may become so unless trade in specimens of such species is subject to strict regulation in order to avoid utilization incompatible with the survival of the species in the wild (CITES). According to CITES, international trade in specimens of Appendix II species may be authorized by the granting of an export permit or re-export certificate. No import permit is necessary for these species under CITES, although some countries do require import permits as part of their stricter domestic measures (CITES, Wikipedia). The exporting country requires a non-detriment finding and export permit (CITES, Wikipedia). This is where the entire problem starts. CITES does not stipulate guidelines for the ‘non-detriment’ finding required by national scientific authorities. A non-detriment finding is a conclusion

by a scientific authority, which is responsible for providing technical and scientific advice to its management authority (responsible for issuing the permit), in particular as to whether the export or introduction from the sea of a specimen will be detrimental to the survival in the wild of the species involved (CITES). selleckchem This is required to be arranged before an export permit or a certificate for an introduction from the sea may be granted for a specimen of an Appendix-II species (CITES). Non-detriment findings require extensive amounts of information. This results in different rules of issuing permits in each country and also the time required for the same to be issued (Wikipedia). In my opinion, it is good to regulate trade. But I feel that when the same set of CITES rules is applied to obtain samples for scientific research designed to improve understanding and conservation of the species (in my case corals), things become time consuming, and it becomes difficult to manage smoothly the way we conduct research.

On this day we started measurements early in the morning at the onset of the bees’ water foraging, when they needed the water very urgently for the brood. Another measuring day in August 2003 was the hottest day of the year, with ambient Etoposide order air temperatures above 30 °C (Ta = ∼30–40 °C). On the other days we had moderate conditions in the range of about 15–30 °C ( Table 1). Body temperatures varied in a wide range, Tth from 25.8 to 46.4 °C, Thd from 16.2 to 43.4 °C, and Tab from 13.0 to 44.0 °C. At ambient temperatures of about 3–30 °C, Tth was regulated rather independent of Ta. At Ta > ∼30 °C, however, it increased nearly linearly with Ta ( Fig. 3). Head

and abdomen exhibited a stronger dependence on Ta but both of them PLX-4720 molecular weight were regulated well above Ta, especially at low Ta. The head was warmer and better regulated than the abdomen ( Fig.

3). The relation of body temperature and ambient air temperature could be described best with a polynomial function for the thorax (R2 = 0.28692; Fig. 3 and Table 2): equation(1) Tth=A+B⋅Ta+C⋅Ta2+D⋅Ta3and with a sigmoidal function for the head and the abdomen (head: R2 = 0.75303, abdomen: R2 = 0.85623; Fig. 3 and Table 2): equation(2) T=a+b1+ec−d⋅Tawhere T is Thd, Tab or Twater. At the lowest mean Ta of about 4.7 °C the average values of Tth, Thd and Tab derived from these regression lines were 38.5, 25.9 and 17.8 °C, respectively. In the medium range of Ta, at about 20 °C, the Tth decreased to 37.0 °C, the Thd increased to 30.2 and the Tab to 28.1 °C. At the

highest Ta measured (38.1 °C), Tth, Thd and Tab increased to 45.3, 40.6 and 40.8 °C, respectively. Plotting the Tth in dependence on three levels of solar radiation (<200, 200–500, >500 W m−2; Fig. 3) revealed, that bees foraging in sunshine were always warmer than bees foraging in shade. The water surface temperature measured closely beside the bees’ mouthparts increased in dependence on Ta ( Fig. 4 and Table 3). Means per stay were in the range of 2.3–40.0 °C. It is noticeable, however, that it was somewhat higher than Ta at the low end, and lower than Ta at the high end of the Cepharanthine investigated range of Ta. Therefore, not a linear but the sigmoidal Eq. (2) fitted the data best (R2 = 0.92742; Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 and Table 3). In order to allow comparison of the water temperature near our bees with that near vespine wasps (Vespula vulgaris, measured at the same time and place; Kovac et al., 2009), linear regression lines of corresponding ranges of Ta are plotted in Fig. 4 (regression statistics in Table 3). At a Ta of ∼20–30 °C bees and wasps differed significantly in intercepts (P < 0.00001, F-ratio = 87.31, Df = 1) but not in slopes (P = 0.2504, F-ratio = 1.32, Df = 1). At higher Ta (∼30–38 °C) they differed in both parameters (P < 0.05; intercepts: F-ratio = 4.65, Df = 1, slopes: F-ratio = 6.42, Df = 1).

This can be estimated experimentally by dyeing the inlet water used for flushing and measuring the fraction of water in the tank which is dyed. Mathematically, this is equivalent to setting the dye water fraction as C=0 initially within

the tank and C=1 on the inlet flow – the average of C over the tank represents a measure of the flushed fraction. The model assumptions are (a) MAPK inhibitor the density difference between the inlet and the ballast water has a negligible effect dynamically, (b) the NIS are passive and (c) mixing within the compartments is perfect. The water exchange within the tank represents the removal of the NIS. Fig. 3(a) shows a schematic plan view of a general tank configuration consisting of m   by n   interconnected rectangular compartments, and the notation used in the mathematical model. The box structure of most ballast tanks means that this topological www.selleckchem.com/products/ly2157299.html network (see Wu et al., 2012, Weinläder et al., 2012 and Joekar-Niasar et al., 2010) is appropriate. This type of analysis is easily extendable to other topological networks. A compartment at the i  th row and the j  th column of the tank is referenced as [i][j][i][j]. The bottom right-hand corner compartment is the pipe entrance to the ballast tank, while the top left-hand

and right-hand corner compartments are two outlets. The tank is not constrained to the horizontal plane and may ‘fold’ as it progresses from the double bottom of a ship up its sides. Water with the same density as the water in the tank is injected through the inlet. Fig. 3(b) shows a schematic of a generic compartment within the ballast tank. p[i][j]p[i][j] is the pressure of compartment [i][j][i][j]. The volume flux from compartment [i1][j1][i1][j1] to its neighbouring compartment [i2][j2][i2][j2] (here i1=i2i1=i2, |j1−j2|=1|j1−j2|=1

or j1=j2j1=j2, |i1−i2|=1|i1−i2|=1) through an orifice with cross sectional area A[i1][j1],[i2][j2]A[i1][j1],[i2][j2] is defined as equation(1) f[i1][j1],[i2][j2]=∫A[i1][j1],[i2][j2]u·n^dA,where uu is the velocity, n^ is a unit normal vector directed from compartment [i1][j1][i1][j1] to compartment [i2][j2][i2][j2]. The fraction of water in compartment [i][j][i][j] (of volume V[i][j]V[i][j]) that has been flushed out is defined Regorafenib as equation(2) C[i][j]=1V[i][j]∫V[i][j]CdV.The flushed fraction is calculated as a function of dimensionless time T, based on flushing the total tank volume (V), i.e. equation(3) T=QtV,where T=0 corresponds to the tank starting to be flushed. We develop a system of ordinary differential equations by integrating over individual compartments. The inertial force of the fluid is sufficiently large when compared to the buoyancy force so that the latter can be ignored. The basis of the model is that the incoming matter is well mixed and p   is the same within each compartment, but the gradients of p   and C   between compartments are important.

Data expressed as mean ± SD or a representative of one of three similar experiments unless otherwise indicated. Comparisons were made between control and treated groups or the

entire intra group using one way and two ways ANOVA with post Bonferroni Selleck MK2206 test through GraphPad Prism 5.00.288 statistical analysis software by GraphPad Software, Inc. p -values * < 0.01 were considered significant when compared to untreated control or respective DQQ treated cells. Cells treated with different doses of DQQ for different time frames, displayed inhibited viability in a dose and time dependent manner (Fig. 1B, C). The IC50 of DQQ against K562 and MOLT-4 was determined at different time points which come out to be 24 μM, 19 μM, 7 μM and 4 μM in 6 h, 12 h, 24 h and 48 h, respectively in MOLT-4 cells (Fig. 1B, C), while in case of K562 cells the IC50 values were 62 μM, 36 μM, 16 μM and

12 μM in 6 h, 12 h, 24 h and 48 h, respectively (Fig. 1B, C). The IC50 values of DQQ in K562 cells were comparatively higher than observed in MOLT-4 cells. Thus, the MOLT-4 cell line was taken for further mechanistic studies. Apoptosis was one of the modes of leukemic cell death induced by DQQ, which was further confirmed by a battery of apoptosis assays Hoechst and annexin-V staining, cell cycle and mitochondrial potential analysis. Phase contrast and nuclear microscopy results revealed that DQQ substantially induced apoptosis in MOLT-4 cells in a dose dependent manner (Fig. 2A, B). Nuclei of untreated MOLT-4 cells appeared round in shape, while treatment with DQQ resulted in nuclear condensation find more and the formation of apoptotic bodies. The morphological changes were accompanied by an increase in the number of scattered apoptotic bodies, indicated by white arrows (Fig. 2B). AnnexinV/PI staining is widely used to distinguish between apoptosis and necrotic population.

The results of AnnexinV/PI staining suggested that the cell death induced by DQQ was of apoptotic nature as the amount of population positive for PI was negligible. The percentage of apoptotic population was significantly higher (10-20 times) in DQQ treated MOLT-4 cells as compared to untreated control (Fig. 2 C). Apoptosis was further confirmed by cell cycle analysis using propidium iodide staining. Measurement of DNA content Decitabine mw makes it possible to identify apoptotic cells and cell cycle phase specificity. The results revealed that DQQ substantially induced 3-10 times increase in hypo-diploid sub-G0 DNA fraction (apoptotic, <2nDNA) in cell cycle phase distribution (Fig. 2D). The sub-G0 fraction (apoptotic) was 7% in control cells, which increased up to 69% after 10 μM concentrations of DQQ treatment in MOLT-4 cells (Fig. 2D). The early event which was associated with DQQ induced apoptosis was found to be loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm). Mitochondrial membrane potential loss is one of the important and commonly occurring events in apoptosis.

MRI with the added value of IV contrast administration can also be helpful in delineating atelectasis, which can be hyperintense, from central lung mass [8]. Pancoast tumor is a superior sulcus neoplasm which has a propensity to invade learn more the adjacent vertebrae, subclavian vessels, the brachial plexus and the base of the neck. Clinically, patients may present with Horner’s syndrome secondary to sympathetic chain invasion. Chest radiographs

may detect an apical mass or opacity. CT with multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) can define the outline of the tumor and invasion of important adjacent structures such as the brachial plexus. MRI imaging is reserved for equivocal cases and it is useful to detect extension into the brachial plexus, the vertebrae and the

neural foramina [9]. The combined use of CT and MRI imaging in Pancoast tumors may be useful for the accurate preoperative prediction of tumor respectability [10]. Invasion of the subclavian, common carotid, and vertebral arteries, less than 50% vertebral body involvement, and extension into the neural foramina should be considered p38 MAPK inhibitor relative contraindications to surgery [10]. The presence of mediastinal lymph node metastasis has a great impact on tumor resectability and therefore patient’s survival. The likelihood of lymph node metastasis is linked to increased tumor size, central location and adenocarcinoma histology [5]. Nodal staging with CT scan is based on morphological characterization. The current consensus defines a lymph node with a short axis diameter more than 1 cm on an axial CT scan as a possible positive lymph node [7]. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of CT scan in the detection of malignant mediastinal Rucaparib lymph nodes were 51% and 86%, respectively. CT scan is therefore an imperfect modality to rule in or rule out lymph node involvement [4]. False positive CT results

are caused by postobstructive pneumonitis or atelectasis and are more common with central tumors and false negative CT results are especially associated with adenocarcinomas [11]. An additional role of CT scan is in guiding mediastinal lymph node biopsy by invasive techniques; therefore it continues to play an important role for lung cancer diagnosis [4]. Several studies demonstrated high accuracy of PDG–PET for the detection of malignant mediastinal lymph nodes. Meta-analyses confirmed a sensitivity of 74% and specificity of 85% in 2865 patients [4]. Many studies have shown a high negative predictive value estimated as ≥90% in lymph node staging [12]. False positive FDG-PET results can be related to inflammatory or infectious changes in the lymph nodes as well as residual brown fat. False negative results can occur when tumor load in metastatic mediastinal lymph nodes is low (Micormetastases) [7]. Lee et al.

Analyses of the relations between the wind direction distribution and the water level in the Baltic Sea at Klaipėda (CL) show that the water level

in the south-eastern part of the Baltic Sea along the Lithuanian coast increases when westerly winds are dominant and decreases when easterly winds prevail (Dailidienė FLT3 inhibitor et al. 2006). Indeed, an area of low pressure established itself over northern Europe during the research period, and the resulting cyclonic circulation was dominated by strong westerly winds. Since the 1960s these westerly airflows have intensified (Bukantis et al. 2001, BACC 2008), as a result of which climate change can cause rapid water level rise in the south-eastern lagoons (CL and VL). On the southern Baltic coast the dominant south-west winds may also have less influence on water level rise, as a result of which the magnitude of the water level rise in the DZBC was half that in the CL and VL. Since the 1960s, westerly airflows have intensified during winter, and this has caused an increased frequency of maritime air-masses this website entering the Baltic area, which have caused higher

winter air temperatures and enhanced precipitation (Bukantis et al. 2001, BACC 2008). This process could have led to the more intensive water level rise in January–March observed in the recent period of 1979–2008. On the other hand, the precipitation data for 1978–2008 show less rainfall in the central and northern areas of the Baltic, but more in the southern part (Lehmann et al. 2010). The annual runoff from the River Nemunas into the Baltic has decreased in recent years. According to Dailidienė & Davulienė (2008) the mean Nemunas runoff of 503±40 m3 Sitaxentan s−1 in 1984–2005 was less than this river’s long-term runoff of 664 m3 s−1 for the period 1811–1995. The catchment area of the Nemunas makes up 5.6% of the entire catchment area of the Baltic Sea and 96% of the catchment area of the Curonian Lagoon. From

this we can conclude that if rainfall had increased in the south-eastern Baltic region, the rises in water level risings would have been greater. Generally, based on the results of this study, regression analysis showed that the rate of increase in the annual average water temperature in coastal Baltic waters appears to be lower than in the lagoons. During the research period (1961–2008) the water temperature and water level trends in the southern and south-eastern coastal lagoons of the Baltic Sea were positive, but maximal anomalies in the coastal lagoons were observed only in the last two decades, and it seems that the processes due to climate change occurred in many regions worldwide (IPCC 2007). A similar annual variation in warming trend was observed in the sea surface temperature of the Baltic Sea (BACC 2008, Lehmann et al. 2010).