, 2010). For the latter possibility,

Na-Cl water could have been present in shallow groundwater as a result of natural hydraulic connections to underlying strata and the idea of such connections is supported by the documentation of natural fractures (Jacobi, 2002), particularly J1 and J2 joint sets, in the Geneseo Shale (of the Genesee Group) which underlies the western portion of the county (Fig. 1) (Engelder et al., 2009). The lack of differences in methane concentrations across Pirfenidone in vitro different bedrock formations in which water wells were finished also supports the possibility that methane-rich Na-Cl water is migrating from deeper formations. In either case, this water chemistry is indicative of increased interaction with bedrock and less contribution of meteoric (precipitation-derived) water that would have infiltrated through overlying calcareous sediments (Fleisher, 1993). This extended residence time and potential interaction

with methane-rich strata (e.g. black shale) could have led to relatively higher methane concentrations (Molofsky et al., 2013). The Na-HCO3 groundwater and its associated dissolved methane likely resulted from groundwater residence time and rock-water interaction as well as redox processes. Longer residence times typically lead to increased concentrations of Na and HCO3 due to cation exchange between calcium and sodium selleck kinase inhibitor Temsirolimus manufacturer and oxidation of organic matter, and can also promote biological methane production as oxygen is used up and methanogenesis is thermodynamically favored (Kresse et al., 2012 and Thorstenson and Fisher, 1979). The methane isotopic signatures also support the presence of some microbial methane, with the majority of δ13C-CH4 values falling between −40 and −60‰, indicating likely mixing of biogenic and thermogenic methane (Whiticar, 1999). To better predict patterns in dissolved methane, it is useful to model the relationship between methane and readily

measurable environmental parameters. Such parameters could be GIS-derived characteristics described in previous sections or water quality and geochemical characteristics like specific conductance or sodium concentration. It is also important that such parameters be continuous, rather than classifications like ‘valley’ vs. ‘upslope’. Table 2 displays the results of the best multivariate regression models using selected variables from the full suite of landscape and chemical parameters. An initial model was developed using nine variables that were selected based on their Pearson correlation with methane. Using the six variables found to be significant (p < 0.05) – hardness, barium, chloride, sodium, sulfate and distance from active gas wells – a regression model was created that could explain 82% of variation in observed methane patterns (Fig. S3).

MRI scanning was performed using a Siemens Sonata 1.5-T clinical system (Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany). High-resolution T1-weighted MRI volume scans were acquired using a magnetization prepared rapid gradient echo sequence with 176 contiguous slices of 1-mm thickness, field-of-view 256×256 mm, acquisition matrix 256×256, flip angle 15°, repetition time (TR)

2860 ms and echo time (TE) 3.9 ms. DT-MRI was performed using a single-shot spin-echo echo-planar imaging (EPI) sequence (TR 8000, TE 100 ms) with diffusion encoding gradients applied in six noncollinear directions (b= 1000 s/mm²) and one acquisition without diffusion encoding (b= 0 s/mm²). A generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisition reconstruction algorithm was used. The acquisition matrix was 128×128 with a field of view of 192×192 mm and slice thickness of 2 mm, giving a voxel resolution JQ1 in vivo of 1.5×1.5×2.0 mm³. Sixty-four axial slices were acquired to cover the whole brain without interslice selleck inhibitor gap. A total of 10 acquisitions were performed and averaged. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was carried out with an optimized VBM protocol [27] using SPM5

software (Statistical Parametric Mapping, Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, London, UK) implemented in Matlab 7.1 (Mathworks Inc., Sherborn, MA, USA). The high-resolution T1-weighted MRI scans were normalized to a standard template and segmented into gray matter, white matter and cerebrospinal fluid. The segmented volumes were then smoothed with a 6-mm isotropic full-width-half-maximum (FWHM) Gaussian kernel. FA and mean diffusivity (MD) were calculated for each voxel using the FDT toolbox of the FSL software library (FMRIB, Oxford, UK;

http://www.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl). The images were checked by eye for motion and other scanner artifacts, which led to the exclusion of nine participants. The T2-weighted volumes were then normalized to the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) T2-weighted template using SPM2 software implemented in Matlab 6.5. Identical normalization parameters were used for warping of the FA and MD volumes to standard MNI space. The resulting FA and MD volumes were then smoothed with a 6×6×6-mm FWHM Gaussian kernel to improve signal-to-noise ratio and normalization. To compare subjects homozygous for the A-risk allele to C-carriers, voxel-wise (-)-p-Bromotetramisole Oxalate t tests were performed in SPM on the normalized and smoothed T1-weighted, FA and MD volumes. We adopted a statistical threshold of P<.05, with false detection rate correction (FDR) for multiple comparisons. Moreover, to avoid false-negative findings, a second analysis was performed with an uncorrected threshold (P<.001), for which subthreshold cluster sizes were statistically examined using a nonstationary cluster inference toolbox for SPM5 based on random field theory [28]. Participants were recruited as part of a large family study of bipolar disorder, as described in more detail elsewhere [15].

For both RT and ER analyses, the SiCE was evident in the number-line compatible condition while it was absent in the number-line incompatible one. This lack http://www.selleckchem.com/products/crenolanib-cp-868596.html of SiCE for both analyses bolsters the assumption that when numbers are presented incompatibly, together with

being defined as irrelevant to the task, synesthetes do not perceive them as meaningful symbols that entail semantic information. Notwithstanding, the above suggestions are valid only when numbers are irrelevant to the task. When numbers were relevant (i.e., the numerical comparison), the SiCE was present regardless of number-line compatibility. Moreover, these SiCEs were not very different in size (92 msec for compatible and 84 msec for incompatible selleck kinase inhibitor in vertical task; 107 msec for compatible and 94 msec for incompatible in the horizontal

task). At first, this finding seemed to deviate from previously reported findings showing that an incompatible presentation of numbers (with respect to the synesthetic number form) affects performance (Gertner et al., 2009, Hubbard et al., 2009, Jarick et al., 2009, Jarick et al., 2011, Piazza et al., 2006 and Sagiv et al., 2006). However, a closer look at the data revealed that number position did influence general RT. RTs for the number-line compatible condition were significantly shorter than RTs for the number-line incompatible condition in both horizontal and vertical presentations. Moreover, the latter condition was also more prone to errors. Thus, when numbers had to be processed in order to execute the task, as was the case in numerical judgments, synesthetes had to adjust their mental representation to fit the actual one (or vice versa). Although this adjustment slowed down their responses, it did not affect the production Epothilone B (EPO906, Patupilone) of the physical SiCE nor its size. The current findings converge with our previous data (Gertner et al., 2009) in which we found an elimination of the DE when number-space synesthetes made comparative judgments for digits that were aligned incompatibly with their synesthetic number forms. However,

in the previous study, processing numbers were part of the task requirements, that is, they had to be intentionally processed, while in the current study the physical comparison entails an unintentional processing of numbers. These two studies demonstrate the rigidity in the synesthetes’ ability to represent numbers according to task demands. This behavioral inflexibility seems to result in a less effective performance in numerical tasks that require intentional and unintentional numerical processing. While focusing on the pattern of the SiCE (i.e., incongruent condition RT minus congruent condition RT) we nearly overlooked an interesting pattern regarding the neutral condition itself. A scrutiny of the neutral condition (i.e.

Nous voilà aujourd’hui devant cette situation ; et sommes-nous armés pour, dans le cadre des incessantes réformes auxquelles nous voici confrontés, pouvoir

accomplir notre mission dans des conditions acceptables ? Jacques Mehl, un des fondateurs, dès 1949 de la Société de médecine de Strasbourg, dont beaucoup d’entre find more nous s’honorent d’avoir été les élèves, a durant toute sa carrière représenté une sorte de pôle humaniste, qui tendait à garder le cap de la médecine du travail vers une éthique simplement hippocratique, pour qui la valeur fondamentale de l’homme, c’est l’homme lui-même. Nous voici loin d’une médecine telle que certains signes laissent penser qu’elle serait souhaitée par les princes, et qui ne viserait qu’à l’immédiat, à la capacité ponctuelle, à la simple notion d’aptitude, à la rentabilité à court terme enfin. On se demande si à notre époque mondiale, nous, dinosaures de la santé au travail comme trop rares jeunes pousses, sommes encore dans les clous de ce qui est souhaitable Jacques Mehl, si je puis

ainsi dire, avait « dressé » ses élèves EX 527 research buy dans un tout autre sens, c’est du moins ce que moi, j’en ai retenu : faire en sorte, tout simplement, d’éviter toute altération de la santé par le fait du travail, comme disait déjà la loi du 11 octobre 1946 et, pour cela, s’en donner les moyens, notamment grâce à la formation initiale et continue qu’il savait si bien dispenser, avec sa rigueur toute alsacienne enrobée d’une souplesse

toute diplomatique. Il était toujours disponible et, même bien longtemps après son départ officiel, il avait su nous rester accessible. Lors des soixante ans de la Société, voici deux Methisazone ans déjà, il en avait été l’invité d’honneur évident, et nous lui avions fait une mémorable « standing ovation », comme il n’aurait certainement pas dit… Nous avons aujourd’hui perdu un maître et un ami, auquel nous souhaitons rendre l’hommage que nous lui devons A. Pontès “
“Une erreur s’est glissée dans le volume 71, numéro 2/2010 des Archives des maladies professionnelles et de l’environnement. Dans la rubrique Législation, page 218, il fallait lire ce tableau : Arrêté du 28 janvier 2010 modifiant l’arrêté du 22 décembre 2009 portant agrément d’organismes habilités à dispenser la formation à la sécurité des travailleurs intervenant en milieu hyperbare. Listes des organismes agréés pour dispenser la formation à la sécurité des travailleurs intervenant en milieu hyperbare.

1B and C). But at 0.5 h after LPS administration, sTNF-R1 levels in the LPS + Cap group were significantly

decreased, compared to the LPS group (P < 0.05, Fig. 1B). At 9 h and 12 h after LPS administration, sTNF-R2 levels in the LPS + Cap group were significantly decreased compared to the LPS group (P < 0.01, Fig. 1 C). Compared to the vehicle group, no significant change was observed in the circulating TNF-α, TNF-R1, or TNF-R2 mRNA expression Trametinib levels in the Cap group (data not shown). The circulating TNF-α mRNA expression level in the LPS group was significantly increased 0.5, 1, 3, 6, and 9 h after LPS administration (P < 0.05, Fig. 2A) compared to the vehicle group. Despite this, the circulating TNF-α mRNA expression level in the LPS + Cap group significantly decreased 0.5, 1, 3, and 9 h after LPS administration compared to the vehicle group (P < 0.05, Fig. 2A). The circulating TNF-R1 mRNA expression level in the LPS group significantly decreased 0.5, 1, and 3 h after LPS administration compared to the vehicle group (P < 0.05 or 0.01, Fig. 2B), even though they were significantly increased 6 h and 9 h after LPS administration compared to the vehicle group (P < 0.05, Fig. 2B). Furthermore,

the circulating TNF-R1 mRNA expression level in the LPS + Cap group significantly increased 9 h after LPS administration Dapagliflozin nmr compared with the vehicle group (P < 0.05, Fig. 2B). The circulating TNF-R2 mRNA expression

level in the LPS group significantly decreased 0.5 h after LPS administration compared to the vehicle group (P < 0.05, Fig. 2 C). Despite this, the circulating TNF-R2 mRNA expression level in the LPS + Cap group significantly increased 6 h after LPS administration compared to the vehicle group (P < 0.01, Fig. 2 C). Cap has been previously reported Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase to improve the survival rate of LPS-treated mice [27], although the precise mechanism of the effect of Cap was not explained. The aim of this study was to elucidate the effect of Cap on circulating biomarkers, sTNF, sTNF-R1, and -R2 levels in LPS-treated mice. Increased circulating sTNF-R1 and -R2 levels have been reported in patients with hepatitis C virus infection [14], and increased circulating sTNF-R2 levels in patients with congestive heart failure [8], obesity-impaired glucose tolerance [7], and leukemia [22] and [26]. In this study, we confirmed that the circulating sTNF-R2 levels in plasma were approximately 10-fold higher than the circulating sTNF-R1 levels at each time point [11]. Since the circulating sTNF, sTNF-R1, and -R2 levels are the initial signals of an immune response, plasma changes in them could represent a biomarker detectable at an earlier stage than C-reactive proteins, leukocytes, and fever during sepsis or systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). These values thus are known biomarkers of septic shock [2].

, Shelton, Connecticut; US EPA method 7473; [23], [24] and [25]).

Individual segments were cut into small pieces, thoroughly mixed, and analyzed in triplicate (6–15 mg per measurement) when sufficient mass was available. When hair mass was insufficient for triplicate analyses single or duplicate measurements were made. The minimum detection limit ranged from 0.067–0.167 μg g−1 of THg depending on sample mass. Quality control included liquid calibration standards and certified hair standard reference materials in each measurement run. Recoveries (mean ± S.D.) were 96.4 ± 3.0% (0.1 μg g−1 liquid standard), 99.1 ± 6.0 find more (1 μg g−1 liquid standard), 92.9 ± 2.9% (IAEA 086, human hair, 0.573 μg g−1), 102.2 ± 3.6% (NIES 13, human hair, 4.42 ± 0.2 μg g−1), and 96.6 ± 2.1% (IAEA 085, human hair spiked with MeHg+, 23.2 μg g−1). Descriptive and summary statistics were calculated including means, medians, selleck screening library percentiles (10th and 90th), and percentages. Initially, mixed models were used in a repeated measures analysis (Proc MIXED) to examine whether [THg] varied by number of previous pregnancies and hair segment. This method was chosen since [THg] was measured at multiple points along the hair as “segments” for each individual and these measurements are likely

more closely correlated than measurements taken from different individuals. Additionally, unequally-spaced and missing data do not pose a problem for the mixed model [26]. The first-order ante dependence covariance structure was used, as

it allows for unequal variances over time and unequal correlations. Due to the non-normal distribution of [THg] in hair, as shown by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the medians of [THg] were used for between-groups comparisons (Kruskal-Wallis) with significance set at α < 0.05. A generalized linear model (GLM) was used to identify the explanatory variables that contribute to the [THg] measured in the hair samples, using the Poisson error distribution and a log canonical link function [27] and [28]. The explanatory variables considered for modeling were age, BMI, number of pregnancies, fish and seafood intake, and tobacco exposure, all variables that in previous studies [1] and [29] have been suggested to contribute to [THg]. Predictive models through for [THg] were fitted in terms of the explanatory variables with fish intake, seafood intake, and tobacco exposure considered as factor variables included in the GLM. The simplification and selection of the minimal adequate model starting with the maximal model including all the variables of interest was done using the backward/forward stepwise procedure, evaluating all the alternative models by testing the contribution of each variable in turn (p ≤ 0.05), and the change in the residual deviance at each step time [28] and [30]. The deviance criterion is a measure of the goodness-of-fit of the model to the data [28].

He was revived and selleck chemicals then taken to hospital – his urinary thiosulphate was measured as 79 mmol/mol creatinine. Kage et al. (2002) reported an incident at an industrial waste pit where three men died after entering a pit (one

of whom died 22 days after the incident) and one worker survived. The delayed fatality and the survivor both had detectable levels of thiosulphate in urine in samples taken 2 h after the incident (1225 and 262 μmol/l, respectively, ∼102 and ∼22 mmol/mol creatinine – conversion assumes a mean creatinine concentration of 12 mmol/l, (Cocker et al., 2011)). Kage et al. (1997) reported an incident where four workers lost consciousness in an underground tank in a factory producing regenerated paper, all four workers recovered. Urinary thiosulphate http://www.selleckchem.com/epigenetic-reader-domain.html levels ranged from 120 to 430 μmol/l (∼10–36 mmol/mol creatinine), in samples taken 6 h post-incident and from <3 to 390 μmol/l (∼<0.3–∼33 mmol/mol creatinine), in samples taken 15 h post-incident. There are several reports in the literature of blood thiosulphate levels being detected after hydrogen sulphide fatalities (Table 1). The levels reported range between 25 (Kage et al., 1997) and 230 μmol/l (Kage et al., 2004). Rabbits that received a fatal dose of hydrogen sulphide (500–1000 ppm for up to 30 min) gave blood thiosulphate levels of 53–119 μmol/l (Kage et al., 1992), which is in good agreement with the human fatality

studies. Survivors of poisoning incidents are not reported to have detectable blood thiosulphate levels, as the body rapidly clears the blood, nor are Phospholipase D1 the general population. It has therefore been demonstrated, both within the case studies presented here and in the literature, that blood and/or urinary thiosulphate measurements can be useful in determining hydrogen sulphide as a potential cause of fatality or unconsciousness. The analysis is sufficiently sensitive to discriminate exposures from control samples and has reasonable specificity, if storage conditions are controlled. However, there are certain considerations

that need to be taken into account in order to get the most useful information from such analyses. First, the type of sample required will depend on the condition of the workers – if they are survivors of incidents then urine samples are most appropriate as the body will rapidly clear any thiosulphate from the blood. In the case of fatalities (to determine likely cause of death or to assist in any related investigation), blood samples are most appropriate. Urine samples may be useful as additional samples to ascertain whether death was instantaneous or delayed after a period of unconsciousness, especially if the worker was not discovered until sometime after the incident. Secondly, the timing of the sample relative to the incident is important for detecting exposures in survivors.

1–4). Retardation in tooth eruption was visible with primary teeth beginning to erupt after 1 year of age and permanent teeth from 6 years of age. Various Gefitinib research buy types of malocclusions including maxillary hypoplasia, total mesiocclusion, pathological attrition of primary molar due to bruxism, total distocclusion with

primary crowdings were observed. Patients were cooperative, with medium degree of mental retardation, impaired physical development, poorly developed manual skills due to short fingers and wide hands. One of the patients underwent treatment due to hyperfunction of thyroid gland, was a habitual mouth breather and suffered from bruxism. The aetiology of bruxism is multifactorial with mouth breathing, emotional stress, release of histamine during stress, different levels of serotonine or even allergic rhinitis being mentioned as possible factors [24]. Additionally, dysfunction in form of persistent infantile type of swallowing was observed. Therefore, first phase of orthodontic treatment in both patients included a removable plate by Castillo Morales. According to Castillo Morales, such plate is used in cases with hypotonic, inactive upper lip and broad, hypotonic tongue, often positioned between dental arches. Plate by Castillo Morales enhances the position of lips and tongue due to lack of acrylic

material in the anterior part of palate (Fig. 5). It also has an influence on speech development [25]. One modification in upper palatal plate by Castillo Morales included posterior acrylic capping due to presence of bruxism in one of the patients. During BGB324 in vitro 2.5 years of treatment, the plate was changed three times because the

posterior acrylic capping was gradually being destroyed by bruxism. Other problems included lack of cooperation, therefore the first phase of orthodontic treatment was prolongated. Two IKBKE plates by Castillo Morales were used, each of them changed accordingly to occlusal conditions. At the end of treatment the dysfunction was successfully eliminated. The aim of orthodontic treatment in the second phase was to align the teeth in the upper arch. During intraoral examination, primary crowdings with lack of space for upper permanent canines were observed, II Angle class bilaterally and II canine class bilaterally. The upper canines were erupting buccally, with the left canine positioned less favorably than the right one (Figs. 6–9). The palate was “stair like” (“gothic”). Symmetric extractions of both I upper premolars (teeth 14 and 24) were made to allow the alignment of canines (teeth 13 and 23). Patient is now undergoing active orthodontic treatment with upper removable Schwarz plate. The design of Schwarz plate includes springs, which move both canines distally (Fig. 10). The oral hygiene was assessed using OHI Index by Green and Vermillon.

Samples from the same age-matched cohorts were used for imaging, biomechanical and histological tests. Mice were culled by cervical dislocation and stored frozen at − 20 °C for biomechanical studies. For histological studies, mice were deeply anaesthetized with pentobarbitone (50 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) IWR1 and transcardially perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde (in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4). To establish MeCP2 expression in bone tissues, we used a MeCP2-GFP

reporter line as described previously [31] and with sections imaged by laser scanning confocal microscopy (Bio-Rad Radiance 2100, UK). Both right and left femurs and tibias along with the 5th lumbar vertebrae from each mouse were carefully dissected out. Femur and tibia whole bone wet weight measurements were taken using an analytical balance (APX60, Denver Instruments, UK). The femur and tibia were imaged using a WolfVision Visualizer VZ9.4F (WolfVision Ltd., Maidenhead, UK) and gross

lengths were measured using Axiovision 4.8 Software (Carl Zeiss Ltd., Cambridge, UK). Femoral length measurements Palbociclib molecular weight were taken from the proximal aspect of the greater trochanter to the distal end of bones, along the line of the shaft. Tibial length measurement was taken from the proximal aspect of the head of the tibia to the distal most aspect of the medial malleolus. Samples were then stored at − 20 °C in 0.1 M phosphate buffer prior to further testing. Right femurs were used for mechanical testing (the proximal part for the femoral neck test, the midshaft for microindentation) and left femurs were used for the bone histology (the proximal femur for sirius red and TRAP staining, the distal femur for scanning electron microscopy). Right tibias were used for μCT and three-point bending tests. The 5th lumbar vertebrae were used for bone mineral density and trabecular bone structure measures. The right humeri were used for analysis of the bone mineral structure using Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS). Tibias and lumbar 5 vertebras were

scanned with a SKYSCAN® 1172/A μCT Scanner (Bruker, Belgium). Images were reconstructed and analysed using the NRecon 1.6.6.0 and CT-Analyser 1.8.1.3 software (Bruker, Belgium). For the tibia, 34 μm resolution was used and the X-ray tube was operated at 54 kV and 185 μA. Etomidate Bone samples were scanned in physiological 0.9% NaCl solution. For cortical bone parameter analyses, tibial 2 mm midshaft regions of interest (ROI) were selected, starting from the anatomical point of the tibiofibular junction in each specimen. A lower grey threshold value of 113 and upper grey threshold value of 255 was used as thresholding values in each cortical bone sample. Individual two dimensional object analyses were performed on six sections per specimen within each comparison genotype group to calculate the inner and outer perimeters of bone.

2012). In our study the three identified TRFs (TRF_149nt,

TRF_249nt and TRF_270nt) contributed significantly (35%) to the discrimination of station E54 from the other stations. Both TRF_149nt and TRF_270nt were affiliated with Verrucomicrobia, of which iTRF_149nt belonged to Spartobacteriaceae and iTRF_270nt to a 16S rRNA sequence of uncultured Verrucomicrobia (AM040118). The latter 16S rRNA sequence was found in the sediment off Sylt ( Musat et al. 2006). Recently, Verrucomicrobia were observed in the Baltic Sea ( Andersson et al. 2010) and Spartobacteriaceae were found to be quantitatively important in the Baltic Sea at salinities Dabrafenib solubility dmso between 5 and 10 ( Herlemann et al. 2011). Verrucomicrobia, which can make a considerable contribution to polysaccharide Selleckchem ALK inhibitor degradation, can also be expected to be associated with phytoplankton ( Martinez-Garcia et al. 2012). Spartobacteria in particular have been directly associated with phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea ( Herlemann et al. 2013). TRF_249nt was identified as

a candidate for Roseobacter. A clone sequence with this TRF was affiliated with the Roseobacter DC5-80-3 branch in the RCA cluster and CARD-FISH showed an abundance of less than 1%. The RCA cluster is widespread in temperate and polar oceans, but constituted less than 0.5% of all bacteria in the Baltic Sea ( Selje et al. 2004). In surface waters, no representative was found at the Landsort Deep station ( Riemann et al. 2008) or in the Baltic Proper ( Herlemann et al. 2011). As its absence was observed in spring (

Riemann et al. 2008) and summer ( Herlemann et al. 2011) and its presence in late summer (our data) and in autumn ( Selje et al. 2004), such differences may be explained by the seasonal dynamics of taxa within the Baltic Sea bacterioplankton communities ( Andersson et al. 2010). Roseobacter was often shown to co-occur with phytoplankton ( Buchan et al. 2005), especially with natural phytoplankton blooms ( O’Sullivan et al. 2004) or in mesocosm studies of Thalassiosira ( Allgaier et al. 2003). It was also shown to be an early surface coloniser in temperate marine waters ( Dang et al. 2008); the DC5-80-3 clade has been linked with the degradation of aromatic compounds ( Buchan et al. 2005). Crump et al. (2004) showed that a shift from a mixture of allochthonous Janus kinase (JAK) communities to a native estuarine community requires bacterial doubling times much shorter than the local water residence time. The doubling time (DT) calculated on the basis of leucine bacterial production and bacterial biomass (all DAPI stained cells) was about 1.7–2.2 days in the Gulf of Gdańsk; a shorter doubling time would probably be based on active cells only. The DT was at least seven times shorter than the residence time in the Gulf of Gdańsk, calculated by Witek et al. (2003). Bacteria in the water at station E54 had enough time to establish a stable community connected with the occurrence of Coscinodiscus sp.