[16] introduce a novel supervised learning model for mapping verb instances to VN classes, using rich syntactic features and class membership constraints. The above two methods are based on supervised learning methods with rich features based on part-of-speech tags, word stems, blog post surrounding and cooccurring words, and dependency relationships.3. Word Sense Disambiguation Based on Topical and Semantic AssociationIn this section, we introduce the description of word sense disambiguation in detail, which includes three core components, namely firstly, mapping a WordNet Sense to an ODP’s Category Label for generating the term’s topic semantic profile; secondly, extracting topic discriminative term through position feature, statistical feature, semantic feature, and topic span distribution feature, and leveraging topic discriminative terms for topic identification; finally, determining the unique sense of ambiguous term using topical-semantic association graph.

3.1. Mapping a WordNet Sense to an ODP’s Category LabelWe aim to construct a mapping relation from a WordNet sense to an ODP’s category label. Our proposed approach effectively fuses the semantic knowledge with hierarchical topic category to generate topic semantic knowledge profile for expediently handling a series of research hot issues, such as information extraction, topic identification, and word sense disambiguation. For conveniences in describing follow-up contents, we give some basic terminologies.Definition 1 (topic chain) ��A topic chain (TC) is a branch of topic hierarchy and represents a sequence of ordered topic category label terms in ODP.

It represents a notation of tm > >t2 > t1, where t1 is a top topic term and tm is a terminal topic term.Definition 2 (disambiguation context) ��A disambiguation context (DC) is a set of glosses, synonyms semantics, and hypernyms semantics for a term which may exist several senses in WordNet. DC represents the horizontal synonyms relation and the vertical hypernyms relation from lower-level concept to upper-level concept. Simultaneously, the glosses can also be available to calculate the semantic similarity. Definition 3 (topic semantic profile) ��A topic semantic profile (TSP), which characterizes term’s semantic and its hierarchical topic category, is a sequence of 3-tuple and represents a notation of w, DC, TC, where DC denotes the term w’s disambiguation context; TC denotes the term w’s topic chain label name.

Due to a variety of senses or the vague sense for a given term, the determination of its topic category label is the most difficult problem. In order to solve this problem, there are two significant aspects to be handled, one is to determinate a particular topic branch of term which is Anacetrapib associated with multiple topics; the other is to assign the term’s proper topic level, just in case too fine-grained hierarchical category to match the concept of user interests or information needs.

This paper aims to present the analysis of the stress level of the parabolic leaf springs under different loading conditions by computer-aided engineering. The failure modes of the leaf springs normally occur under harsh braking or suspension rolling while striking a pothole. The braking condition of the bus is associated selleck chemical Seliciclib with the leaf spring wind-up, whereas pothole striking is related to the suspension roll. To promote bus safety under such conditions, newly designed parabolic leaf springs are evaluated in simulations for their performance. The new leaf spring designs are expected to provide enhanced roll resistance, improved load-carrying capability, and reduced occurrence of potential failure.2. FE Explicit ModelThe standard simulation setup for any commercial FEA software is shown in Figure 1.

As seen in Figure 1, the simulation can be divided into three categories: preprocessing, solving, and postprocessing. First, computer-aided design models are generated for FE meshing. In this study, a manual hexahedra element mesh is applied for the stress analysis of the parabolic springs. To obtain good simulation results, the quality of the mesh is optimized by the element quality index. The materials and properties of the leaf springs and silencers have also been assigned, and these details are shown in Table 1. Boundary conditions to simulate the degree of freedom of the leaf springs under varying loading conditions differ. Figure 1Typical FEA procedures by commercial software.Table 1Materials and properties of leaf springs and silencers.

FE procedures need to be well developed to perform a complex FE nonlinear analysis. Selection of the appropriate solving method is significant. A conditionally stable explicit integration scheme derived from the Newmark scheme from the RADIOSS solver has been introduced (RADIOSS is a copyright of Altair Hyperworks, Altair Engineering Inc.). In dynamic analysis, the equation of motion for discrete structural models is expressed as follows:Mu��+Cu�B+ku=F,(1)where M, C, and K represent the mass, viscous damping, and stiffness matrices. u��, u�B, and u denote the displacement, velocity, and acceleration vectors, respectively. F is the external force vector. In the general Newmark method, the state vector is computed as follows:ut+1=ut+��tut+u�Bt+(12?��)��t2u��t+�¦�t2u��t+1,u�Bt+1=u�Bt+��t[(1?��)u��+��?u��t+1],(2)where �� and �� are the specified coefficients that govern the stability, accuracy, and numerical dissipation of the integration method [16].

A conditionally stable explicit integration GSK-3 scheme can be derived from the Newmark scheme given the following:u�Bt+1=u�Bt+12��t2(u��t+u��t+1),ut+1=ut+��tut+12��t2u��t.(3)The explicit central difference integration scheme can be derived from the relationships. The central difference scheme is used when explicit analysis is selected.

But what these two circuits differ in is the input and output impedance levels, although the sign of the transfer function http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Perifosine.html also differs. The circuit of [1] does not exhibit high input impedance and low output impedance contrary to the latest ones [16]. Now, comparing the circuit’s relative complexities, it is to be mentioned that buffered output DXCCII [16] is complex when compared to a CCII?. Thus, keeping in view the relative complexity and features realized in two extreme time separated work [1, 16], an optimum solution is desired, which is missing in the literature ([1�C16] and cited therein).The RC network in both [1] and (Filter-4 of [16]) is the same, but the active element is quite different. For this particular passive network, DXCCII is not a necessity, as simpler alternatives are possible.

The basic scheme used in [1] is shown in Figure 1, which requires three voltage followers (VFs) and one current follower (CF) if all the features of [16] are also to be retained. Alternatively, a simpler circuit would require two voltage followers (one of them with two outputs) and one current follower. Now, lot of circuit complexity of ��DXCCII with buffered output�� used in [16] becomes redundant for realizing the goal. A simpler approach would only demand an extra-Xstage, resulting in a new active element, named EX-CCII (with buffered output), as DX is already reserved for dual-X CCII. As compared to a DXCCII, an EX-CCII has bothX1 andX2 terminal voltage of same polarity as that of terminalY. The symbol of the newly introduced active building block is shown in Figure 2, with its defining equation asFigure 1Basic scheme for all-pass section.

Figure 2Symbol of EXCCII VW=VZ.(1)With a view of the??VX1=VX2=VY,IZ?=?IX1,??with buffered output.IY=0, preceding developments, an optimum all-pass filter solution is now proposed in Figure 3. The voltage transfer function for the circuit isT(s)=s?1/R1Cs+1/R2C.(2)Figure 3New proposed all-pass filter circuit.Using matched resistors (valueR), (2) above reduces toT(s)=s?1/RCs+1/RC.(3)The phase function for the transfer function of (3) is��=180��?2tan?1(��RC).(4)The circuit of Figure 3 considering [1, 16] is better than the latest one (Filter 4 of [16]) if circuit complexity is compared. Unlike DXCCII with buffered output, the new EXCCII-based circuit does not requireXnstage.

As far as the output buffer stage is concerned, it is the same as in [16], thus, making the new solution (Figure 3) complex in comparison to [1] but with additional advantages over [1] as already mentioned. This is what makes the proposal an optimum one keeping in view the two most time separated work [1, 16] by the author. Based Brefeldin_A on the realization of the circuit using VFs and CFs, the one in [1] requires a VF and a CF each. Similarly, the Filter-4 in [16] uses two VFs, two CFs, and an inverting-VF (IVF). It is to be noted that the new proposal is still an unreported circuit in the available literature on the topic [1�C33].

A persistent HIF1�� expression has already been demonstrated in cases of lipopolysaccharide stimulation and during a sustained inflammatory response selleck chem inhibitor [25-28]. Such situations are obviously present in the study patients. A major inflammatory response is present in patients with shock due to the ischemia-reperfusion induced by the treatment of shock [23,29-33]. Because plasma lactate concentrations are not only dependent on production but also on its metabolism, we hypothesized that HIF1�� would be a better marker. Our study clearly shows that, at the bedside, lactate remains a better marker of shock than HIF1��. The quantity of protein may be a more accurate marker than the gene expression. Future studies need to clarify this point.HIF1�� is a biomarker of states of cellular hypoxia.

Its interest as a marker of outcomes in patients with shock has never been evaluated before. Nevertheless, our results show that, despite attractive speculations about biomarkers, clinical trials are crucial to evaluate their actual role [4,5]. In the present study, the expression of HIF1�� is markedly increased during shock states. The observed increase could be related to the tissue ischemia of shock states or to the inflammatory response. No relation was found between HIF1�� expression and oxygenation variables. However, our results show a trend toward an increased expression in patients with low levels of hemoglobin (Hb >8 g/dL: 109 (range: 84 to 174) HIF1�� copies versus Hb <8 g/dL: 161 (range: 74 to 270) HIF1�� copies; P = 0.4). Larger samples of patients would be required in order to validate this trend.

The expression of HIF1�� was wider than expected in our rationale. The wide dispersion of the values may be explained by the ultra-short half-life of HIF1��. This may have affected the power of the study.In our study, HIF1�� mRNA expression seems to fail to reflect hypoxia. Several hypotheses may explain this result. First, we measured the expression of HIF1�� mRNA in plasma. Actually, in the case of hypoxia, its expression may be more accurate in tissue than in blood. However, regarding our study goals, the collection of tissue biopsy was irrelevant. Second, we may hypothesize that the protein of HIF1�� may better reflect tissue hypoxia than its mRNA expression. However, the determination of the protein levels is time consuming, whereas that of RNA levels can be performed in a short time.

Our study was aimed at providing an early marker in real-life clinical practice. Finally, divergently from HIF1��, plasma lactate levels may reflect pyruvate accumulation rather than cell hypoxia in sepsis and injury [9]. The evaluation of HIF1�� values beyond four GSK-3 hours may also bring new evidence of its role in patients with shock. Future studies are needed to determine whether its expression during late phases of shock may be related to early interventions.

A clinical trial such as the one presented here can only yield associations of genetic selleck chemicals variations and the observed findings. For proving a causal link an animal model is needed with transgenic mice carrying either the human gene(s) of interest or its mutated variant(s). Our interpretation that the decreased ability to induce cytokines is a cause of an altered course of infectious diseases at this point is pure speculation.An interesting observation was the lack of differences of cytokine stimulations between patients carrying WT alleles and those carrying SNP alleles on day 7. The only probable explanation may come from the known changes of responsiveness of monocytes to ex vivo stimulation during the course of sepsis, which could depend on other factors such as secondary infections or the anti-inflammatory response.

We were not able to associate these mechanisms to clinical or cytokine data in our patients.In addition, recently generated data in TLR2 and TLR4 knock-out mice give strong evidence that the TLR-pathway plays a pivotal role in the stress-hormone axis after LPS-challenge as well [38]. So the course of infections in patients with the described SNPs is potentially linked to an altered stress response and may therefore influence severity of sepsis. However, data on the influence of TIRAP/Mal variants on the stress-hormone axis are lacking to date.The TLR4 SNP Asp299Gly/Thr399Ile studied here was found to cosegregate in 98% of the individuals in these European populations, confirming previous data in the literature [11].

In the present study the 299/399 TLR4 haplotype, when present without TIRAP/Mal mutations, was only weakly associated with susceptibility and course of disease in both groups. Our results also failed to show an association of the TLR4 299/399 haplotype with the incidence or type of microorganisms in surgical infections. Small previous studies on the TLR4 Asp299Gly/Thr399Ile haplotype showed higher disease susceptibility and higher incidence of infections caused by Gram-negative microorganisms [39], but this was not supported by subsequent studies [40,41]. The normal responses of individuals bearing this allele following LPS challenge in vitro [42-44] and in vivo [45] support this lack of association.

Whether the presence of TLR4 haplotypes containing only the Asp299Gly or Thr399Ile SNPs is associated with Gram-negative infection susceptibility cannot be concluded from our study, due Anacetrapib to the small number of patients carrying these haplotypes. However, in individuals bearing the Asp299Gly TLR4 haplotype alone an altered cytokine response to LPS and increased susceptibility for sepsis has been reported [15,46].As mentioned above, both TLR4 and TIRAP/Mal genetic variants differ significantly in their frequency according to geographic locations [14,15].

These criteria are also not sensitive predictors of disease severity and outcomes [4,5,15-17] because: the P/F ratio varies considerably across different FiO2 levels, particularly when FiO2 < 0.5, PaO2 > 100 mmHg, or when the shunt fraction is low; many patients who initially fulfill the ARDS criteria might improve the P/F ratio > 200 mmHg after application of positive end-expiratory pressure several for a short time or the use of higher FiO2; and hypoxemia in ARDS may also be related to atelectasis or a low cardiac output [14]. Based on these limitations, a novel definition has been proposed that takes into account the clinical and physiologic characteristics of ALI/ARDS [18]. The Berlin definition for ARDS was published recently and was demonstrated to have better predictive validity for mortality than the AECC definition [10].

Although ARDS has been described as a type of acute, diffuse inflammatory lung injury leading to increased pulmonary vascular permeability, increased lung weight, and loss of aerated lung tissue, as the panel agreed in their conceptual model, none of the suggested criteria evaluates the increase in pulmonary microvascular permeability, a hallmark of ARDS [10]. Not only the AECC definition but also the Berlin definition may include an extensive range of respiratory insufficiencies without an increase in pulmonary microvascular permeability.Previous studies have reported on methods of quantifying pulmonary edema [19,20]. The double-indicator thermodilution technique allows the measurement of EVLW, and excellent correlation between in vivo and postmortem gravimetric EVLW values was obtained in both animal and human studies using this method [21,22].

However, this method is cumbersome and technically challenging for routine clinical application. The single-indicator technique is therefore used in clinical settings; this method is as sensitive as the double-indicator technique [23,24]. We previously validated the accuracy of EVLW measurements obtained using the single-indicator GSK-3 technique in the postmortem lung samples and defined the statistically normal EVLW values in a human autopsy study [25]. The close relationship between EVLW and outcome has been also demonstrated [26].The transpulmonary thermodilution technique provides an estimation of both EVLW and the pulmonary blood volume, and the ratio of these two parameters – the pulmonary vascular permeability index (PVPI) – has been shown to reflect the pulmonary microvascular permeability [7,27].Increased pulmonary vascular permeability is the crucial pathophysiological feature of ALI/ARDS and has been considered a quantitative diagnostic criterion for ALI/ARDS [28]. PVPI has been evaluated to enable one to differentiate ALI/ARDS from hydrostatic edema [7].

Most of the residents were enough satisfied with all aspects of the work policies and directives except ��the increase of medical residency period from one year to two years.�� About a third of the medical residents in this study had a high level of emotional burnout. Important factors associated with emotional burnout were age, residents graduated medical degree with a ��pass,�� being Malay, increasing work demands, feeling of being underpaid, and reciprocal resident-supervisor relationships. 6. RecommendationsWith the paradigm shift towards American style graduate entry medical programs that facilitates clinical exposure at early years in Malaysian medical schools, this study suggests to revert medical residency period to one year. This would enable residency training during undergraduate medical education rather than to impose it after graduation.

The role of supervisors should be changed from ��evaluators of medical resident competencies�� to ��mentors�� that coach, advice, care, and counsel their medical residents through excellent supervisor-resident rapport. These changes are required to mould medical residents to be competent and adaptive in medical practice as well as to reduce their mental woes.AcknowledgmentsThe authors would like to thank the hospital management and all heads of departments in Tengku Ampuan Rahimah Hospital (HTAR) for their approval and support to conduct this study. The authors thank all chief residents for their assistance in data collection and medical residents who volunteered consent to participate in this study.

Anatomy has historically been a cornerstone in medical education regardless of nation, racial background, or medical school system. By learning gross anatomy, medical students get a first ��impression�� about the structure of the human body which is the basis for understanding pathologic and clinical problems. Although the importance of teaching anatomy to both undergraduate and postgraduate students remains undisputed, there is currently a relevant debate concerning methods of anatomy teaching. In the past century, dissection and lectures were its sole pedagogy worldwide. Recently, the time allocated for anatomy teaching was dramatically reduced to such an extent that some suggest that it has fallen below an adequate standard.

Traditional anatomy education based on topographical structural anatomy taught in lectures and gross dissection classes has been replaced by a multiple range of study modules, including problem-based learning, plastic models or computer-assisted learning, and curricula integration. ��Does the anatomical theatre still have a place in medical education?�� And ��what is the problem with anatomic specimens?�� We endeavor to answer both of these questions and to contribute to the debate on the current situation in undergraduate and graduate anatomy education.Doctors without anatomy Brefeldin_A are like moles.