In addition, two porcine rotavirus strains carried VP7 of probable human origin, suggesting an interspecies Fulvestrant cost reassortment event [25]. In this study although we did not find any animal strains in human infection, the finding of human G2P[4] and G2P[8]

strains in 10/35 rotavirus positive animal diarrheal samples suggests the possibility of anthroponotic transmission. The genetic analysis of the strain G10P[15] (AD63) provides interesting insights into the origin and evolution of rotaviruses and may suggest that the strain has arisen through reassortment between strains of different animal species or humans. G10 genotypes are predominantly bovine strains. Although

G10 strains are common in human neonates in this region, phylogenetic analysis did buy BGJ398 not show a relationship between AD63 and G10 human neonatal strains, indicating that the VP7 gene more likely came from a bovine source [34]. Characterization of the VP4 gene of the AD63 strain revealed identity with the ovine strain LP14 from China [12], which is the only available P[15] sequence. Given the original ovine report of P[15], isolation of this genotype from a cow may indicate interspecies transmission, but there are seven aa mismatches between P[15] of AD63 and LP14 protein sequences. Analysis of the whole genome rather than partial gene sequences may better explain the origin of this strain. Characterization of the VP6 (SGI) and NSP4 (genogroup A) genes of AD63 revealed animal and human origin, respectively. To further confirm human origin of NSP4 gene, we compared two representative NSP4 genogroup A sequences of human origin (RV5 – accession number U59103) and bovine origin (B223 – accession number AF144803)

strains with AD63. The percentage identity of the NSP4 sequence of AD63 was 90% and 82% with RV5 and B223 strains respectively. Analysis of gene linkages indicates that usually rotaviruses possess either SGI/NSP4A or SGII/NSP4B specificities in both human and animal strains [48]. In AD63, the VP6 sequence clustered with SGI strains of animal Carnitine dehydrogenase origin, while the NSP4 clustered with genogroup A sequence of human origin. This indicates the possibility of a reassortment between rotaviruses of animal and human origin, while maintaining the VP6-NSP4 linkage, and suggesting that this genetic linkage is not host restricted, but VP6/NSP4 genogroup restricted. The NSP3 gene of G10P[15] strain showed maximum identity with that of Cat2 G3P[9] strain from USA isolated from a cat [38], but interestingly is believed to be of bovine origin based on phylogeny.