DSSCs have been widely researched because FHPI of their low cost and high energy conversion efficiency. In a functioning DSSC, photoexcited electrons in the sensitizer are injected into the conduction band of a semiconductor. A charge mediator, i.e., a proper redox couple, must be added to the electrolyte to reduce the oxidized dye. The mediator must also be renewed in the counter electrode, making

the photoelectron chemical cell regenerative [1]. At present, the photoelectrochemical system of DSSC solar cells incorporates a porous-structured wide band gap oxide semiconductor film, typically composed of TiO2 or ZnO. The single-cell efficiency of 12.3% has persisted for nearly two decades [2]. This conversion efficiency has been limited by energy damage that occurs during charge transport processes. Specifically, electrons recombine with either oxidized dye molecules or electron-accepting species in the electrolyte [3–5]. This recombination problem is even

worse in TiO2 nanocrystals because of the lack of a depletion layer on the TiO2 nanocrystallite surface, which becomes more serious as the photoelectrode film thickness increases [6]. In response to this issue, this study suggests ZnO-based DSSC technology as a replacement for TiO2 in solar cells. Like TiO2, ZnO is a wide band gap (approximately 3.3 eV at 298 K) semiconductor with a wurtzite crystal structure. Moreover, its electron mobility is higher than that of TiO2 for 2 to 3 orders of magnitude [7]. Thus, ZnO is expected Mocetinostat manufacturer to show faster Farnesyltransferase electron transport as well as a decrease in recombination loss. However, reports show that the overall efficiency of TiO2 DSSCs is far higher than that of ZnO. The highest reported efficiency of 5.2% for ZnO DSSCs is surpassed by 6.3% efficiency

for TiO2 thin MI-503 passivation shell layers [7]. The main problem is centered on the dye adsorption process in ZnO DSSCs. The high acidity of carboxylic acid binding groups in the dyes can lead to the dissolution of ZnO and precipitation of dye-Zn2+ complexes. This results in a poor overall electron injection efficiency of the dye [8–10]. There are multiple approaches for increasing the efficiency of ZnO DSSCs. The introduction of a surface passivation layer to a mesoporous ZnO framework is one possibility, but it may complicate dye adsorption issues. Alternatively, the internal surface area and morphology of the photoanode could be changed to replace the conventional particulate structures. However, the diffusion length and the surface area are incompatible with one another. Increasing the thickness of the photoanode allows more dye molecules to be anchored, but electron recombination becomes more likely because of the extended distance through which electrons diffuse to the TCO collector. Therefore, the structure of the charge-transporting layer should be optimized to achieve maximum efficiency while minimizing charge recombination.