2010; Lu et al. 2006]. Guo and colleagues showed that mice without the long form of the leptin receptor (Lepr), which are selectively distributed in the PFC and hippocampus, demonstrated normal growth and body weight but depression-like behaviour and NMDA-induced hippocampal long-term synaptic depression [Guo et al. 2012]. These mice were very sensitive to antidepressant-like effects of the selective NMDA receptor GluN2B (NR2B) antagonist Ro25-6981 but resistant to leptin. The authors argue that defective Lepr signalling in Glu neurons may play a role in the pathogenesis

of depressive disorders Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and long-term synapse depression mediated through NMDA GluN2B receptors; Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical further, the therapeutic actions of NMDA antagonists might be through facilitation of normal leptin-Glu functioning. A systematic review of the efficacy of ketamine as an antidepressant Materials and methods Data acquisition We attempted to identify all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs available to review up to January 2013, in which the potential efficacy of hallucinogen drugs in the treatment of depression was analysed. Search strategy References Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical were retrieved through searching electronic databases and manual searches through reference lists of identified literature. The following data sources were searched:

PSYCINFO (1806 to 26 June 2013), MEDLINE (1946 to 26 June 2013), Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical EMBASE (1980 to 26 June 2013). Although the primary

aim was to explore the efficacy of ketamine, to ensure the fullest data collection the search criteria were as follows: “hallucinogen” OR “lsd” OR “lysergic acid diethylamide” OR “ketamine” OR “mescaline” OR “psilocybin” OR “magic mushroom” OR “mdma” OR “ecstasy” OR “psychedelic” OR “dissociative” OR “phenethylamine” OR “phencyclidine” combined with AND “antidepressant” OR “depression*” OR “mood disorder” OR “bipolar” OR “depressive-disorder” OR “unipolar”. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Eligibility criteria The following inclusion and exclusion criteria were established those prior to the literature search. Participants Studies that looked at adult populations (≥18 years old) with a diagnosis of a MDD or BPAD based on a structured diagnostic interview (DSM or ICD) were included. Interventions All designs evaluating the effect of ketamine on depressed mood were included. Investigations on addiction, ketamine misuse or specifically looking at psychedelic effects of ketamine were excluded. Comparators No comparators were required for inclusion in this review. Outcomes Studies investigating the effect of ketamine on mood symptoms and/or suicidality were included. Studies that failed to use a validated assessment scale for the Olaparib supplier evaluation of mood changes were excluded.