This line is chloroquine-sensitive and has been adapted to rabbit sera for cultivation and the parasites were maintained in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 15% rabbit sera. We analyzed the MSP1-19 sequence of FCC1/HN and confirmed that it belonged to the E-KNG variation. The preparation of the PfCP-2.9 recombinant protein has been described in our previous report [4] and [17].

The conditions for the fermentation of the PfCP-2.9-expressing P. pastoris (3N25) were optimized to achieve high levels of production. These included methanol-induction, pH optimization, timing of the induction, cell density and optimal dissolved oxygen levels. A 500 ml yeast culture grown at 30 °C for 22 h was inoculated into a 30 l fermentor containing 12 l of minimal salts fermentation medium. The supernatant of the fermentation was harvested at 72 h HIF inhibitor review after induction and underwent a three-step purification process

which included hydrophobic-interaction, ion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatography. The purified protein was analyzed for its RG-7204 purity, monoclonal antibody binding properties, the presence of host proteins or DNA and subjected to peptide mapping, N-terminal sequencing and endotoxin level quantification. 0.65 g/ml urea was first added to a PfCP-2.9 solution (2 mg/ml). After a 1 h incubation at 37 °C, 30 μl/ml of 1 M DTT was added to the mixture and incubated for an additional 5 h at 37 °C. Following this, 0.02 g/ml sodium iodoacetate was then added and incubated for additional 1 h at 37 °C. Finally, the mixture was dialyzed in 10 volumes of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (pH 7.2, 4 °C), overnight.

Protein concentration of this denatured solution Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase was adjusted back to 2 mg/ml after dialysis. Vaccine emulsions were prepared according to the standard operating procedures [17]. Briefly, PfCP-2.9 or denatured PfCP-2.9 was emulsified (using a Homogeneizer at 4000 rpm for 4 min at room temperature) with ISA720 (SEPPIC, Inc., Fairfield, NJ) by mixing 70% (v/v) with 30% antigen (v/v). The quality of the emulsion was confirmed by several tests including the droplet, conductivity, and particle size tests. After examination for quality, the emulsion was packaged into 2 ml autoclave bottles with a 1 ml volume of emulsion and stored at 4, 25 and 37 °C, respectively. The emulsions containing denatured and intact protein were mixed over a range of proportions from 0 to 100%. Based on the knowledge that only the intact protein in the emulsion could react to conformation-dependent monoclonal antibodies, we developed a sandwich ELISA method to evaluate the integrity of emulsified PfCP-2.9 over time. Two different protein-specific antibodies were used in this assay. One was the affinity-purified rabbit polyclonal antibody against PfCP2.9 which was used to coat the wells (capture antibody) and the second was monoclonal antibody 5.2 (mAb5.2) [4] specific to a conformational epitope of PfCP-2.9.