Rabbit monoclonal Ab against GAPDH was obtained from Cell Signaling Technology Selleckchem Autophagy inhibitor (Danvers, MA). Western blotting of lung homogenates was performed as described previously [[46, 47]]. RNA was extracted from lung homogenates and cells with Trizol (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Reverse transcription was performed using 1.5 μg of RNA and cDNA was amplified using gene-specific primers [[48, 49]]. The results were normalized with GAPDH. MPO assay was performed as described previously (15). Samples were homogenized in 50 mM hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide

(HTAB) and assayed as previously described [[45, 50]]. H2DCF dye (Molecular Probes) does not normally Opaganib mw fluoresce under resting conditions, but emits green fluorescence upon reaction with superoxide inside cells. Cells were treated as above and equal amounts of dye added [[16]]. This assay measures color change of MTT upon reduction by enzymes to assess the viability of cells. After infection of MLE-12 cells with K. pneumoniae, MTT dye was added at a final concentration of 1 μg/mL as described previously [[47]]. We used LipofectAmine2000 to transfect cells at 60% confluency and achieved high efficiency in transfection [[22, 51]]. The yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)-Cav-1, YFP-Cav-1Δ51-169 dominant negative (DN) plasmids were generated as described previously [[18]].

MLE-12 cells were infected with K. pneumoniae at MOI 10:1 for 1 h and the free bacteria were removed by washing three times with PBS. The surface bacteria were killed by incubation with 100 μg/mL polymyxin B for 1 h and intracellular bacteria were enumerated to determine CFU. Transfection with cav1 DN plasmid did not affect survival of MLE-12 cells prior to incubation with K. pneumoniae. WP1066 (a novel STAT5 inhibitor from Sigma) was dissolved in 1% DMSO solution and used at a final concentration of 2 μM in culture medium. No adverse effect of the vehicle control was observed in the assays. The differences

in outcomes between cav1 KO and WT control animals after K. pneumoniae infection were calculated by Kaplan–Meier survival curve comparisons, and the Enzalutamide price p values were derived from a log-rank test. Most experiments were performed three times in triplicate. Comparison of experimental groups with controls was done with one-way ANOVA (Tukey’s post-hoc) [[16, 52]]. This project was supported by NIH ES014690, Flight Attendant Medical Research Institute (FAMRI, 103007), and American Heart Association Scientist Development Grant (MW); and by NIH 5R01HL092905-04 and 3R01HL092905-02S1 (HG). We thank S. Rolling of UND imaging core for help with confocal imaging. The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests. Disclaimer: Supplementary materials have been peer-reviewed but not copyedited.