In contrast, growth of mutant strain was significantly attenuated in resting MØ compared to wild-type and complemented (ΔkstD-kstD) strains (Figure  3A). It should also be noticed that the initial CFUs/ml values (day 0) for wild-type and mutant strains did not differ statistically. CFUs/ml values of opsonized and non-opsonized wild-type and ΔkstD strains for IFN-γ-activated

MØ amounted: 1425 ± 507; 3270 ± 1715 and 2550 ± 845; 2150 ± 556, respectively Cytoskeletal Signaling and for resting MØ amounted: 1612 ± 412; 3140 ± 1330 and 1950 ± 1177; 2760 ± 1250, respectively. Figure 2 Time-dependent survival of Mtb in MØ. Resting MØ were infected with wild-type or ∆kstD strains for 2 hours. On the day of infection and after 2, 4 or 6 days in culture, MØ were lysed with Triton X-100 and cell lysates were plated onto agar plates. After 21 days of culture, CFUs/ml were counted. The data are buy Vactosertib presented as fold increase in CFUs/ml, expressed as means ± SEMs (n = 3). Mtb ops – bacteria opsonized, Smoothened Agonist Mtb non-ops – bacteria non-opsonized. Figure 3 Survival of Mtb in MØ. (A) Resting MØ and IFN-γ-activated MØ were infected with wild-type, ∆kstD, or ∆kstD-kstD strains for 2 hours without inhibitors. Resting MØ were pre-incubated with IRAK1/4 inhibitor or anti-TLR2 blocking mAb

for 1 hour prior to infection with wild-type (B) or ∆kstD (C) strains. On the day of infection and after 6 days in culture, MØ were lysed with Triton X-100 and cell lysates were plated onto agar plates. After 21 days of culture, CFUs/ml were counted. The data are presented as fold increase in CFUs/ml, expressed as means ± SEMs (n = 5; *p ≤ 0.05, ∆kstD vs. wild-type or ∆kstD-kstD; #p ≤ 0.02, ∆kstD vs. ∆kstD + IRAK1/4 or ∆kstD + anti-TLR2 mAb; Mann–Whitney U test). ops – bacteria opsonized, non-ops – bacteria non-opsonized. We found that TLR2 expression level on resting MØ was higher than on monocytes and the treatment of MØ with IFN-γ enhanced this

expression (MFI = 115 ± 7 and MFI = 71 ± 10, and MFI = 171 ± 13, respectively). By using flow cytometry we found that surface expression of TLR2 was virtually undetectable (MFI = 32 ± 5) after pre-incubation of resting MØ and IFN-γ-activated MØ with 35 μg/ml of blocking anti-TLR2 mAb. The presence of IRAK1/4 inhibitor or anti-TLR2 blocking mAb insignificantly influenced the survival of the wild-type strain selleck compound in either type of MØ (Figure  3B). In contrast, inhibition of the TLR2 signaling pathway significantly increased the growth of both opsonized and non-opsonized ΔkstD in resting MØ (Figure  3C). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), used as a vehicle to prepare IRAK1/4 inhibitor solutions, had no effect on the growth of Mtb strains in MØ at the final concentration present in CM containing IRAK1/4 inhibitor (0.5%) (data not shown). ROS and NO production by MØ infected with wild-type, ΔkstD, or ΔkstD-kstD strains We next tested the influence of Mtb on spontaneous and PMA-stimulated ROS production by MØ 1 day post-infection.