1A and data not shown). Thus C12Id-expressing B cells comprise a population of cells with heterogeneous specificities. HA-specific check details C12Id+ B cells do not undergo differentiation to Ab secreting cells prior to infection and therefore HA-specific C12Id+ Ab are not part of the natural Ab repertoire to influenza virus in non-influenza infected mice, which we

showed previously to be generated by B-1 cells 33. B cells associated with rapid differentiation to Ab-forming cells are often attributed to certain B-cell subsets, such as B-1 cells and splenic MZ B cells 11, 19, 34. To determine the phenotype of C12Id B cells prior to infection, we compared C12Id+ and C12Id− LN B cells by flow cytometry. C12Id+ LN B cells were indistinguishable from the other LN B cells by phenotype, displaying a homogenous CD23+ CD21int follicular B-cell phenotype AZD6244 (Fig. 2A). They also expressed similar levels of the activation markers CD40, CD86 and CD44 on day 4 after infection with influenza A/PR8 compared to the other B-cell populations in the MedLN (Fig. 2B). This is consistent with our earlier findings that most regional LN B cells from mice early after infection show type I IFN-mediated induction of CD86 and a decrease in CD23 expression 8, 35. Thus, the C12Id+ B cells are similar in their levels or types of activation

compared with the other LN B cells. All C12Id+ and C12Id− B cells from peripheral and regional LN expressed lower levels of CD1 and CD9 compared with splenic CD23lo/− CD21hi MZ B cells (Fig. 2A, right panels) and similar levels compared with splenic follicular B cells (data not shown). Both regional LN C12Id+ and C12Id− B cells showed slightly higher expression of CD1 compared with B cells in peripheral LN (Fig. 2A, right panel). We conclude that C12Id LN B cells do not belong Thiamet G to a previously identified CD1hi follicular B-cell subset 36. Instead, and despite their rapid responses, they are phenotypically indistinguishable from other follicular B cells.

To determine the distribution of the C12Id+ B cells within the activated regional LN, we performed immunohistochemistry and double immunofluoresence staining using anti-C12Id and anti-CD138 (Syndecan) on MedLN harvested on day 10 after influenza infection. Large C12Id+ B cells with morphological appearance of plasma cells were found predominantly in the medullary cords. Their plasma cell phenotype was confirmed by staining for CD138 (Fig. 3A). Extrafollicular foci responses in LN are found in the medullary areas 11, thus indicating that C12Id B cells rapidly differentiate via the extrafollicular pathway of B-cell activation. This is also consistent with previous reports showing that this pathway is responsible for much of the early Ab response to pathogens 11, 37. Next, we performed FACS analysis on resting and non-infected peripheral LN and compared the frequency and phenotype of C12Id+ and C12Id− B cells to that of MedLN from day 7 and day 14 infected mice.