, 1964; Shim et al., 2007). In this study, we evaluated Panobinostat clinical trial the protective

efficacy of orally administered heat-killed S. dysenteriae 1 (NT4907) and S. flexneri 2a (B294) against luminal inoculation with shigellae of identical virulence features. We found that oral immunization following challenge with these shigellae conferred 100% protective immunity. Thus, this simplified animal model would be useful for assessing shigellosis as well as the protective efficacy of Shigella vaccine candidates. The success of colonic infection in guinea-pigs depends on several factors such as the route of inoculation of the bacteria. The direct inoculation of the organisms into the cecocolic junction is more likely to yield successful colonization than the upper small

intestine, which requires the organisms to survive and go down the entire length of the small bowel against a host of enteric defense mechanisms. In addition, motility in the colon is lower as compared with the small intestine and this functional difference provides the bacteria with an opportunity to establish the infection without any this website antimotility drugs or surgical approach. In this regard, the procedures adopted in this study are comparable to a technique described by Rabbani et al. (1995) that deals with the direct inoculation of virulent S. flexneri 2a into the proximal colon after ligation of the distal cecum (cecal bypass) of unstarved, untreated adult rabbits. This ligation prevents the cecal contents from entering the proximal colon

and may help the bacteria to colonize within the intestinal lumen surmounting the mucosal defense mechanisms. In our study, the development of colonic infection is absent in the group of guinea-pigs without cecal bypass. Therefore, cecal bypass plays a critical role in the development of colonic infection in the luminal model. This newly developed guinea-pig luminal inoculation model differs from Rabbani’s rabbit model as guinea-pigs are more host-specific against Shigella. Guinea-pig mucosa is highly susceptible to Shigella infections as ocular inoculation in guinea-pigs with Shigella (known as the Sereny test) is still considered the standard assay for invasive property determination (Sereny, 1955). In this luminal Thalidomide inoculation model, minor surgery has a slight effect characterized by body weight loss within 24 h. However, this postsurgical stress was significantly reduced within 48 h in the noninvasive (Fig. 3c) as well as the immunized group of guinea-pigs (Fig. 5c). However, in the experimental groups that mimicked human shigellosis, loss of body weight was observed during 48 h of postsurgery. Considering the surgical stress, this model minimizes the nonspecific weight loss and enhances the outcome of the assay. The colitis induced in this study by infection with virulent S. dysenteriae 1 (NT4907) and S.