001), but did not vary by HIV status or ART use. Genotypic data were available for 40 successive diagnoses, of which 19 had matching M. tuberculosis strains. Matching strains were associated with HIV-negative status (P < 0.001), treatment interruption/failure

(P = 0.04) and shorter intervals between diagnoses (P = 0.02). HIV-positive patients and patients on ART were more likely to have non-matched strains (P = 0.01 and P = 0.03).

CONCLUSION: Among HIV-negative patients, retreatment TB was predominantly due to reactivation following poor initial treatment outcomes. In HIV-positive patients re-infection TB was more common, particularly among those on ART.”
“OBJECTIVE : To examine whether hypovitaminosis D is a risk factor for the development

of tuberculosis AZD2014 order (TB) associated immune reconstitution inflammatory Proteasome inhibitor syndrome (IRIS).

METHODS: We measured serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25D) concentrations in four groups of patients at Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda: 1) patients co-infected with TB and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) receiving anti-tuberculosis treatment (HIV+TB+; n = 92) who did and did not develop TB-IRIS after starting antiretroviral treatment (ART), 2) HIV-infected patients without TB (HIV+TB-; n = 20) starting ART, 3) non-HIV-infected individuals with TB (HIV+TB+; n = 27), and 4) those without TB (HIV-TB-; n = 23).

RESULTS: The prevalence of optimal 25D levels (>75 nmol/l) was as follows: 59% in HIV+TB+, 65% in HIV+TB-, 63% in HIV-TB+ and 35% in HIV-TB- patients. 25D concentrations decreased during the first 3 months of ART in HIV+TB+ individuals who developed IRIS (P = 0.005) and those who did not (P = 0.002), and in HIV+TB- individuals (P = 0.015); however, 25D concentration in patients who did or did not develop TB-IRIS did not differ.

CONCLUSION: The prevalence of optimal vitamin

D status was relatively high in HIV-infected patients with and without TB MLN2238 living near the equator. No difference in 25D concentrations was observed between TB-IRIS and non-IRIS. However, 25D concentrations decreased during ART.”
“SETTING: All India Institute of Medical Sciences and Rajan Babu Institute of Pulmonary Medicine and Tuberculosis, New Delhi, India.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms and scrum 25(OH)D with susceptibility to, and response to treatment of, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in comparison with drug-susceptible pulmonary TB (DS-PTB) and healthy controls.

DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: A total of 897 participants from northern India were consecutively enrolled into three groups (MDR-TB 354, DS-PTB 338, controls 205). Genotypic and allelic frequencies of FokI, BsmI and TaqI VDR polymorphisms, and serum 25(OH)D, calcium and intact parathyroid hormone were measured in all participants.