Additionally, it can be observed that NAC also decreased expression of the p24 antigen in cells treated with PMA only. On the other hand, ELISA analysis of culture supernatants Selleckchem Trichostatin A ( Fig. 6C) revealed that pretreatment with NAC decreased the levels of p24 antigen released by PMA-stimulated ACH-2 cells, while it was not sufficient to significantly decrease p24 release by HA-pretreated, PMA-stimulated

cells. We have also studied the levels of HO-1 in A2 and H12 Jurkat cells. In these cells, HO-1 was found expressed already in untreated cells and the addition of either HA or HA and PMA did not increase its levels (Fig. 7A and data not shown). On the contrary, increasing concentrations of HA led to a decrease of HO-1 levels in A2 and H12 cells, in parallel with a cytotoxic effect of HA demonstrated by decreasing levels of β-actin. Consequently, we explored the effect of NAC in these cells. Similarly to the effects observed in ACH-2 cells, pretreatment with NAC decreased the levels of EGFP in A2 and

H12 cells treated with both HA and PMA, as well as in cells treated with PMA only (Fig. 7B; expression of EGFP induced by HA only could be observed in longer exposures). Finally, we studied the effect of an inhibitor of HO-1, tin protoporphyrin IX (SnPP; Devadas and Dhawan, 2006). SnPP strongly stimulated expression of EGFP in cells treated with HA alone (Fig. 7C); it also somewhat increased levels of EGFP in

HA- and PMA-treated cells, while it did not affect or somewhat decreased the levels of EGFP in Rolziracetam PMA-stimulated cells. On the other TGF-beta inhibitor hand, SnPP alone did not stimulate any expression of EGFP in untreated cells. The effects of SnPP and NAC on the expression of EGFP were further studied using flow cytometry (Fig. 7D, Supplementary data Table S2), providing a more quantitative assessment of EGFP expression. The results revealed similar tendencies as the western blot analysis. Additionally, SnPP seemed to decrease basal expression of EGFP in otherwise untreated A2 cells, while it did not affect it in untreated H12 cells. On the other hand, NAC did not affect expression of EGFP in untreated A2 cells, while it decreased it in untreated H12 cells. Also, NAC decreased expression of EGFP stimulated by all the combinations of HA, SnPP and PMA, suggesting that these effects were mediated by an increased redox stress. It should be also noted that in contrast to A2 cells, the H12 cells reveal a higher background expression of EGFP in untreated cells, and in general respond with a smaller fold-increase than A2 cells. Finally, heme arginate decreased the cell viability somewhat, while SnPP with HA decreased it relatively more. In parallel with the effects on EGFP expression, NAC restored the cell viability in all cases.