1.2. Quality Control in the GMA Welding ProcessThe study of quality control in the welding processes has been a subject of great interest for many researchers. The task of evaluating weld quality is not trivial, even for the experienced inspector. This is particularly true when it comes to specifying in quantitative terms what attributes of the weld affect its quality and to what extent. Different types of discontinuities have been categorized for this purpose, such as cracks, porosities, undercuts, microfissures, etc. [16]. Generally, good quality GMA welds are uniform and contain little or no artifacts on the bead surface. Furthermore, the bead width is relatively uniform along the length of the bead [17].
To achieve a standard weld quality it is fundamental to maintain continuity of welding stability and this happens when the mass and heat flow of the end of a consumable electrode to the fusion pool through the arc maintains uniformity in the transference; possible discontinuities and/or upheavals in the transference could originate weld disturbances. The stability of the short circuit gas metal arc welding process is directly related to weld pool oscillations [18]. Optimal process stability corresponds to maximum short-circuit rate, minimum standard deviation of the short-circuit rate, a minimum mass transferred per short circuit and minimum spatter loss [19�C22]. In the present work, the welding stability was evaluated using the sound pressure through the acoustic ignition frequency (AIF) and sound pressure level (SPL) signatures.
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?Measurement and Experimental MethodVirtual instrumentation software [23], data acquisition card [24], welding power source [25] and the setup as shown in the Figure 1(a) were used for the acquisition of data based on arc voltage, welding current and arc sound pressure. These parameters were sampled at 20 kHz. The sound pressure was measured using the analogical output decibelimeter [26] which use a microphone 4189 with�C26 dB �� 1.5 dB, 50 mV/Pa sensitivity. The microphone Drug_discovery was located at approximately 150 mm from the weld pool. The welds were deposited on AISI 1020 (30 mm �� 200 �� 650 mm) steel plates us
Nowadays Batimastat the increasing technology of airborne sensors with their capabilities for capturing images, including those on board the new generations of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, demands solutions for different image-based applications. Natural spectral signature classification is one of such applications because of the high image spatial resolution.