In summary, DON and proteases have a sig nificant impact on cell wall digestion, protein matrix re duction and damage to starch granules, somehow typically seen in Fusarium infected wheat kernels rendering grain yield un suitable and unsafe for food, feed or malting purposes. In order to characterise the transcriptional changes in the resistant cv. Dream compared with the susceptible cv. Lynx, we performed gene expression profiling using the GeneChipW Wheat Genome Array. GeneChip expression data obtained 32 and 72 h after inoculation with F. grami nearum or, respectively, mock have revealed indications for the presence of two main defence mechanisms in cv. Dream, reflecting a biphasic strategy against FHB disease.

One mechanism comprised jasmonate and ethylene mediated defence reactions directed against fungal growth and sporulation, while Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries the second mechanism was specif ically directed towards fungal mycotoxins and proteases. Quantitative real time PCR time course study was applied to analyse the expressions of seven selected anti virulence gene candidates in the Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries cultivar pairs Dream Lynx and Sumai 3 Florence Aurore. Observed similarities between the resistant cultivars Dream and Sumai 3 in terms of FHB responsive up regulated Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries genes from both described defence mechan isms will be reported. Results and discussion Identification of FHB responsive genes in the resistant wheat cultivar Dream Transcript abundances in the F. graminearum inoculated and mock inoculated wheat cultivars Dream and Lynx were measured and com pared using the Affymetrix GeneChipW Wheat Genome Array.

The general disease progression was examined on single floret inoculated samples that were collected 32 and 72 hours after inoculation. All measurements were performed with three biological replicates. For each time point the four GeneChip datasets were compared to iden tify differentially expressed genes involved in the different aspects of the inoculation response. Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries Table 1 lists all com parisons with the respective numbers of differentially expressed genes. A gene set enrichment analysis of the com parisons was conducted to identify relevant functional classes associated to incompatible cv. Dream F. grami nearum interactions. Table 2 provides an overview of the nine Gene Ontology terms that were Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries enriched in those genes found to be significantly up regulated in the resistant cv. Dream at 32 and 72 h after Fusarium inocula tion compared with the Fusarium inoculated susceptible cv. Lynx. All terms were found to be associated to the dis ease as the respective represented gene CHIR99021 chemical structure products were nei ther enriched in the analogous cultivar comparison after mock inoculation nor in the comparison cv. Lynx Fusar ium inoculated versus cv. Lynx mock inoculated.