In this study, we characterized the effect of glucose and ethanol on the expression of crtYB, crtI and crtS and on the early stages of carotenoid production. Results Effect of glucose on the expression of carotenoid biosynthesis genes selleck Several observations support the hypothesis that glucose has an inhibitory effect on carotenoid production in X. dendrorhous. Among other findings, the discovery of potential MIG1-binding sites in the promoter regions of several carotenogenic genes suggests that transcriptional regulation mechanisms may be Momelotinib manufacturer involved in this inhibition. To determine whether glucose affects the expression of the

carotenogenic genes, X. dendrorhous cells were grown in YM liquid medium without glucose to prevent the production of ethanol, which can influence the phenomenon under investigation. Once the culture reached stationary phase (optical density between 3.5 and 4), it was divided in two Erlenmeyer flasks, one of which had glucose added to a final concentration of 20 g/l (the concentration normally used in most media), while the other flask was left untreated (control). Both aliquots MK-4827 order were incubated at 22°C with constant swirling, and cell samples were taken 0, 2, 4, 6 and 24 h after the addition of glucose. From these samples, total

RNA was extracted and the expression of several genes was determined relative to control using quantitative RT-PCR. To validate our experimental approach, we first measured the effect of glucose on the expression of genes normally regulated by glucose in related yeasts. As a glucose repression control, we used a genomic sequence from X. dendrorhous called glucose repressible gene 2 (grg2) [GenBank: JN043364]. This gene is highly repressed by glucose in N. crassa and these in many other yeasts [20, 21]. As a glucose induction control, we used the pyruvate decarboxylase gene PDC, which is induced by glucose in several fungi and yeasts

[22–25]. For this experiment, genomic PDC and its cDNA were sequenced, its intron-exon structure was determined and its sequence was deposited in the database [GenBank: HQ694557 and HQ694558]. By evaluating the expression of the genes mentioned above, we found that the addition of glucose caused an approximately 130-fold decrease in the mRNA levels of the grg2 gene and an approximately 28-fold increase in the mRNA levels of the PDC gene (Figure 1a). Both effects reached their maximums 4 h after the addition of the carbohydrate and were not detectable after 24 h. Figure 1 Effect of glucose on expression of the carotenoid biosynthesis genes in X. dendrorhous. The gene expression kinetics in the wild-type strain after adding glucose (20 g/l final concentration) was determined with respect to the control (black circle) for the carotenogenesis genes and for the grg2 and PDC genes.