Here, we investigated both past and recent island differentiation and micro-evolutionary changes in the Zenaida Dove (Zenaida aurita) based on combined information from one mitochondrial (Cytochrome c Oxydase subunit I, COI) and 13 microsatellite markers and four morphological characters. This Caribbean endemic and abundant species has a large distribution, and two subspecies are supposed to occur: Z. a. zenaida in the Greater Antilles (GA) and Z. a. aurita in the Lesser

Antilles (LA). Doves were sampled on two GA islands (Puerto Rico and the British Virgin Islands) and six LA islands (Saint Barthelemy, Guadeloupe, Les Saintes, Martinique, Saint Lucia and Barbados). Eleven COI haplotypes were observed that could be assembled in two distinct lineages, with six specific to GA, four to LA, the remaining one occurring in all islands. However, Selleckchem Birinapant the level of divergence between those two lineages was too moderate to fully corroborate the MK-8776 price existence of two subspecies. Colonisation of the studied islands appeared to be a recent process. However, both

phenotypic and microsatellite data suggest that differentiation is already under way between all of them, partly associated with the existence of limited gene flow. No isolation by distance was observed. Differentiation for morphological traits was more pronounced than for neutral markers. These results suggest that despite recent colonisation, genetic drift and/or restricted gene flow are promoting differentiation for neutral markers. Variation in selective pressures between islands may explain the observed phenotypic differentiation.”
“Background Overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) is defined as a symptom complex comprising urgency, with or without urge incontinence, and usually frequency and nocturia. The association between irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and bladder symptoms has been reported. This study is designed to investigate whether functional dyspepsia (FD), like IBS, is associated with OAB. Methods A web surveys containing questions about

OAB, FD, IBS, and demographics were completed by 5494 public individuals (2302 men and 3192 women) who have no history of severe illness. The prevalence and overlap of OAB, FD, ALK inhibitor cancer and IBS were examined. Key Results Among participants with FD, 20.5% could also be diagnosed with OAB (odds ratio [OR]: 2.85; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.213.67). Although concomitant FD and IBS were more strongly associated with OAB (OR: 4.34; 95% CI: 2.816.73), OAB was also highly prevalent among participants with FD but without IBS (OR: 3.09; 95% CI: 2.294.18). Among participants with FD, an overlapping OAB condition was more prevalent in those with both postprandial distress syndrome (PDS) and epigastric pain syndrome (EPS) (OR: 3.75; 95% CI: 2.485.67) than in those with PDS or EPS alone. Among participants with OAB, the severity of bladder symptoms was greater in participants with dyspeptic symptoms than without them.