g., [1–5]). Subsequent coupling of the developing embryo to the biospheric web often requires a thorough coordination. For example, all animals populate their bowels with a microbiome consisting of hundreds of microbial species (e.g., [6]). Some animals even require such cooperation for their proper organogenesis;

Sirolimus molecular weight as in the squid-Vibrio interplay in the development of light organ [7], or in mycetome of insects [8]. In plants, mycorrhiza or legume-Rhizobium symbioses [9, 10] belong among paradigmatic examples. To disentangle such complicated interactions, development under germ-free or gnotobiotic conditions (involving two or at most a small number of interacting species) is often of a great help. Similarly, a “gnotobiotic” state, i.e. controlled development of bacterial colony in the presence of other bacterial bodies, may reveal rules and FK506 factors of cross-species interactions that otherwise remain obscured by their usual – consortial – way of life. Bacterial colonies offer another advantage: Whereas most “typical” multicellular organisms steer their development towards a body capable of reproduction, for most bacteria building a multicellular body is not the precondition for maintaining the lineage. If, in spite of the fact, they do not end in topsy-turvy assemblages of cells, structured multicellular bodies must help somehow in marking out and holding their spatial and temporal

claims. Hence, whenever freed from the grip of ecological demands in the consortium, they orient their full creative potential towards a single multicellular body. Putting such bodies into contact with similar bodies – of siblings, of other strains or other species – may reveal some basic rules of bacterial interactions that are valid not only for such gnotobiotic

situation on the dish, but also in natural consortia. In a similar way, chimeric “colonies” started by a mixture of different bacterial lineages, may shed light to “colonizing processes” that take place in incomparably more structured, multispecies ecosystems intangible experimentally. Such an approach may be more informative than is the usual Clomifene study of growing homogenous suspension cultures. In fact, trends towards developing multicellular structured bodies (colonies, films, coatings, fouls, etc…) fail only in well-mixed suspension cultures: it seems that the planktonic way of living is rather an extreme, an exception from usual life strategies of most bacteria (e.g. [11]). Yet, most information concerning bacterial communication comes from suspension cultures i.e. unstructured mass (e.g. [12, 13] for quorum sensing; [14] for signaling via antibiotics); but see works on intricate networks of quorum regulations in Serratia biofilms [15–17]. “Morphogenetic” data on colonies were mostly obtained under stress conditions (as is the presence of Selleck JSH-23 antibiotics, phages, etc.