Functional restoration implies normalization of movement strategies and skilled muscle recruitment amongst other parameters. sEMG is a useful tool to help accomplish these treatment goals in a PWH. It is also important not to overload a fatigued muscle during strength training. This usually results in a submaximal effort on part of the person performing the exercise. However, these problems may not be always observable clinically. sEMG

allows documentation of the performance characteristics of the moving muscle, and the information obtained could be used to fine tune an exercise programme to yield more beneficial results. In PWH, with multiple target joints in various stages of hemarthropathy, there is almost always an element of chronic LEE011 molecular weight pain hindering movement. They may not be able to perform slow, smooth controlled movement. There may be significant misuse of muscle. This may be a bigger problem than actual loss of strength. Retraining movement in these patients should accompany and if necessary precede any strength training programme. In such cases, sEMG could be used not only as an assessment tool but also as a form of biofeedback. Like any technique, sEMG also has its limitations. It measures muscle recruitment only in the form of electrical activity. It cannot measure force generated in the muscle, pain, anxiety,

muscle length or joint position. The accuracy of the sEMG depends largely on the skill of the clinician. This is because sEMG activity can be subject to error brought about by electrode configuration, tissue CAL-101 manufacturer impedance and other factors inherent to each recording setup. In developing countries, cost of procuring sEMG equipment may discourage its use in many physiotherapy departments. In conclusion, learn more sEMG provides a unique means of monitoring muscle activity,

taking out much of the guesswork while trying to assess muscle function, a particular movement or activity. It may be used as an active training tool while working with musculoskeletal issues in the PWH or be reserved for occasional investigations of muscle activity and outcome of exercise training programmes. In either way, sEMG broadens the physiotherapist’s repertoire of tools for treating the PWH. There is a vast diversity of electrical modalities that can be used for the treatment of different symptoms in the haemophilia patient. Some of the older modalities are useful and successful in achieving the treatment goals. However, the newer modalities may provide a more innovative treatment plan and implementation. There needs to be more randomized controlled testing to have evidence-based information on what each of the modalities has to offer, its advantages and disadvantages and what each modality is best to treat. The authors would like to thank the patients and their families who participated in all studies and treatment regimens. We would like to thank our colleagues for their input and support.