Conversely, if the penetration depth of the eddy current is much smaller than the depth of the crack, the edge of the crack is warmer after a very short heating duration; see Figure lb.Figure 1.Calculated temperature distribution around a surface crack with a depth of 1 mm after 0.01 s of inductive heating: (a) penetration depth of the eddy current is 1 mm; (b) penetration depth of the eddy current is 0.1 mm [15].Another study regarding thermographic crack detection by eddy current excitation was carried out by Zenzinger et al., and it described a phase algorithm to increase the sensitivity of small defects [8]. This paper concluded with an indication that the simulation calculations and resulting coil designs would decisively determine the future application spectrum of eddy current thermography.Tone burst eddy current thermography (TBET) [12,13], which employs surface heating with the use of tone burst (a fixed number of cycles) ACpulses, was explored in 2008. In the paper published by Kumar et al., they discussed the applications of TBET and compared it with conventional thermography techniques [12]. The typical apparatus of TBET is illustrated in Figure 2. Krishnamurthy et al. [13] further investigated the optimum frequency (peak frequency) of eddy current excitation, which would give a maximum temperature increase for a given thickness. The simulation was done by COMSOLmulti physics software to study the peak frequency values for different thickness, electrical conductivity and the selleck Bicalutamide thermal response of the sample (both plate and pipe geometries). The validity of the finite element (FE) model was verified by the good correlation between simulation and experimental results. Besides, a proof-of-concept demonstration of inverse analysis for determination of defect size (radius and depth) in metals was published in 2012 [14]. The inversion of the TBET data was executed with the use of the genetic algorithm (GA)-based inversion method, which can be summarized as shown in Figure 3.Figure 2.The experimental apparatus of tone burst eddy current thermography (TBET) in schematic format on the left and the two modes of data collection, i.e., transmission and reflection, on the right-hand side.Figure 3.Flow chart showing the genetics algorithm (GA)-based inversion method.Simulations were performed using F
Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) have received increasing attention in the last few decades, and nowadays, their application domain spans military, research and commercial operations. AUVs may, for example, be used to support marine biologists in oceanographic environmental monitoring or to execute underwater operations that would be too complex or risky for human operators. To properly execute autonomous operations, the localization of AUVs is of paramount importance.