coli itself.

Furthermore, the conventional purification method for Stx2 is very cumbersome, because to obtain 440 μg of Stx2 from 12 L of culture supernatant, several purification steps (ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, repeated chromatofocusing column chromatographs, repeated high performance liquid chromatographs) are BYL719 purchase needed, leading to significant protein loss [29]. Therefore, we constructed expression plasmids for Stx2 as histidine-tagged proteins to aid in the purification process. Western blot analysis using the anti-Stx2 antibody confirmed that the transformants expressed Stx2-His in the presence of lincomycin. Furthermore, the presence of a band of A subunit, which was crudely purified by TALON affinity chromatography, in the SDS–PAGE analysis of Stx2-His confirmed that the A subunit formed holotoxin complex with histidine-tagged B subunits. We attempted to eliminate contaminants from the crude Stx2-His preparations by hydroxyapatite chromatography because this chromatography method is effectively in purifying recombinant CT from other contaminants, including free CTB complexes [25]. However, prior to performing chromatography, the dialysis process in 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer without NaCl, which we used as the initial

binding buffer for hydroxyapatite chromatography, caused irreversible aggregation of Stx2-His, indicating Inositol oxygenase that histidine-tagged Stx2 is denatured into an insoluble Y-27632 research buy form under low-salt buffered conditions. The molecular mass of Stx2B-His, estimated by SDS–PAGE, was somewhat higher than that deduced from the amino acid sequence (8.6 kDa including 6 x His), despite the fact that the N-terminal modification of each subunit corresponded to that observed in previous studies [28]. However, we confirmed that non-tagged Stx2, which was expressed in the transformant using an expression plasmid (pBSK-Stx2) prepared by site-directed mutagenesis of pBSK-Stx2(His), had the same electric

mobility as EHEC-derived Stx2 (shown in Supporting Information), indicating that the observed increase in molecular mass of Stx2B-His might be attributable to a characteristic of histidine-tag fusion proteins that causes delayed electric mobility. Purified Stx2-His showed cytotoxic activity against HeLa229 cells and was lethal to mice, whereas the mutant toxin displayed decreased toxicity, as described in previous reports [15-17, 20, 21], even in the presence of 6 x His. To investigate whether mStx2-His is available as a vaccine antigen, we immunized mice s.c. with aluminum hydroxide. The mice immunized with mStx2-His produced serum toxin-neutralizing antibodies and survived a challenge with 10- and 100-fold MLD Stx2-His, whereas more than half the mice died when challenged with 1000-fold Stx2-His.