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we report large individual differences in the impact of imageability on reading aloud in a sample of 18 skilled readers. This previously undocumented individual variability may explain the variability of findings among previous group studies of imageability effects in reading aloud. We then addressed the second question, whether differences in the impact of imageability on reading aloud correlated with neuroanatomical differences in brain circuits relating semantics to phonology, using diffusion tensor imaging Navitoclax purchase (DTI). The DTI analysis was conducted using data obtained in an fMRI study by Graves et al. (2010), in which the modulation of brain activation during reading aloud was associated with several commonly-studied lexical properties (frequency, imageability, spelling-sound consistency, and others). That study used a novel design in which stimulus words were selected so as to de-correlate these factors, yielding stimuli that varied independently along each dimension. This design provided a powerful method for examining brain activity associated with each factor decoupled from the others. It also ensured that any spatially overlapping neural effects of the factors would be due to shared neural substrates rather than statistical

correlations among the factors. Imageability, the semantic factor, was reliably associated with activation in several regions during reading aloud. These included the angular gyrus (AG) check details and posterior cingulate/precuneus, regions associated with reading words of high imageability in previous studies (Bedny and Thompson-Schill, 2006, Oxalosuccinic acid Binder et al., 2005, Binder et al., 2005 and Sabsevitz et al., 2005). The study also identified a novel region centered on the inferior temporal sulcus (ITS) that was activated by words with low spelling-sound consistency. Whereas there was a strong effect of imageability in the analyses of brain activation, the effect on naming latencies, at the group level, was modest (Graves et al., 2010). Imageability showed a reliable pairwise correlation (r = −0.097, p < 0.05) with response time (RT) in the expected direction (higher imageability

was associated with lower RTs), but it did not account for unique variance in a multivariate regression model. This divergence between fMRI and behavioral effects of imageability might reflect greater sensitivity of the brain measure compared to the behavioral measure. However, it also might be related to variation in participants’ reliance on semantics in reading aloud. The DTI analysis in the present study was initiated to determine whether individual differences related to the use of semantics were associated with differences in connectivity within the reading network. We hypothesized that greater use of semantic information in reading aloud would be correlated specifically with greater structural connectivity between semantic and phonological nodes in the reading network.