As shown in blood glucose reading (Fig. 7A) and tumor weight (Fig. 7B), anti-CTLA4 treatment effectively promoted the antitumor activity of the self-antigen-specific Teff cells by overcoming Treg cell-mediated suppression. Flow cytometry analysis FK506 manufacturer of the anti-CTLA4-treated and control animals demonstrated

that CTLA4 blockade had impacted both Teff and Treg cells in various lymphoid organs, resulting in a substantially skewed ratio of Treg:Teff cells (Fig. 7C–E). This dual effect of anti-CTLA4 antibody blockade was distinct from that by a subtle CTLA4 reduction (Fig. 5). Nonetheless, the results collectively establish a predominant role of CTLA4 in suppressing autoimmunity-mediated antitumor immunity at the tumor site. Evidence from previous studies with animal models has suggested that immune tolerance can preferentially distinguish healthy tissues from malignant cells expressing the same antigens [21-23]. Those results Depsipeptide mw are consistent with the hypothesis of cancer immune surveillance. However, recent clinical trials of immunotherapies in general have not demonstrated a therapeutic effect against cancers in the absence of substantial off-target autoimmune toxicity [3-6]. Instead, observations from the clinical trials ostensibly highlighted

autoimmunity as a potential “double-edged sword” against tumors as well as healthy cells. Mechanistic studies with animal models are needed to dissect the autoimmune implications identified in the clinical setting. In a melanoma model, the efficacies of self-antigen-specific T cells in antitumor immunity have been well studied by using CD4- and CD8-restricted TCR-transgenic models [38, 39]. Perhaps due to the clonal nature of the antigen-specific T cells, those transgenic models did not develop spontaneous autoimmunity. Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase Our study, aided with a battery of well-characterized

models of autoimmunity, aimed to understand how T-cell clones with a potential of spontaneous autoimmunity function in tumor settings versus healthy tissues. Indeed, self-antigen-specific Teff cells could eradicate tumor cells. However, findings with the self-antigen-specific T cells also revealed a tumor microenvironment that is more tolerogenic than healthy tissues, that is, the tumor sites akin to an “immunoprivileged” environment that effectively inactivates autoimmune effectors. This is not merely because tumor cells might proliferate faster than healthy cells. Activated T cells can multiply at a rate on par with even a highly proliferative tumor cell. Indeed, as our study demonstrated, in the absence of Treg cells, Teff cells completely destroyed both tumor and healthy cells in the same animals. Tumor-mediated immunosuppression is a generally recognized obstacle for antitumor immunity. It has been debated whether and to what extent the suppression is systemic or limited to the site of tumor.