A total of 32 protein spots displaying copper-binding ability were unambiguously identified by matrix-assisted

laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometric analysis. About 78% of these identified proteins contain the possible copper-binding motifs, namely, H-(X)(n)-H (n=0-5, 7, and 12), H-(X)(3)-C, H-(X)(6)-M, M-(X)(7)-H, and C-(X)(n)-C (n=2-4). Available functional information suggested that the majority of the identified proteins are involved in storage, defense response, redox homeostasis, carbohydrate metabolism, and protein biosynthesis. Accordingly, the methodology reported here has the potential utility in additional metalloproteomic screening.”
“Pasteuria

penetrans is a naturally occurring bacterial parasite of plant parasitic nematodes showing satisfactory results in a biocontrol strategy of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne Selleckchem CP456773 spp.). The endospores attach to the outside nematode body wall (cuticle) of the infective stage second-stage juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne populations. Optimal attachment level should be around 510 endospores per juvenile, as enough endospores will initiate infection without reducing the ability of the nematode Bromosporine concentration to invade roots. Greater than 15 endospores may disable the nematode in its movements, and invasion may not take place. In this research, evidence is provided that this website P. penetrans spores disturbed the nematode forward movement by disorganising the nematode’s head turns. The results based on Markov chain and Cochran probability model show that even a low number of 58 spores of P. penetrans attached to the nematode cuticle have a significant impact on that movement, which plays a role in nematode locomotion.”
“Chromatin undergoes developmentally-regulated structural and chemical changes as cells differentiate, which subsequently lead to differences in cellular function by altering patterns of gene expression. To gain

insight into chromatin alterations that occur during mammalian differentiation, we turned to a mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) model. Here we show that histone H3 is proteolytically cleaved at its N-terminus during ESC differentiation. We map the sites of H3 cleavage and identify Cathepsin L as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail. In addition, our data suggest that H3 cleavage may be regulated by covalent modifications present on the histone tail itself. Our studies underscore the intriguing possibility that histone proteolysis, brought about by Cathepsin L and potentially other family members, plays a role in development and differentiation that was not previously recognized.”
“The kinetics of interaction of Co(III)TSPcNO (TSPC = 4,4′,4 ”,4″‘-tetrasulfophthalocyanine) with various thiols of biological relevance, e.g.

Therefore, we recommend that the number of glomeruli with periglomerular fibrosis also be provided in the renal biopsy report. (Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2011;135:117-122)”
“Objective: We compared body composition estimates using an eight-electrode, segmental, multiple-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (segmental MF-BIA) and dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in a group of healthy adults with a range of body mass indexes (BMIs).\n\nMethods: Percentage of body fat (%BF), fat-free mass, and fat mass assessed by DXA and segmental MF-BIA in 132 healthy adults were classified by normal (N; 18.5-24.9 kg/m(2)), overweight (OW; 25-29.9 kg/m(2)), and obese (OB; 30-39.9 kg/m(2)) BMI.\n\nResults:

Compared with DXA, segmental MF-BIA overestimated %BF in the OB BMI group (3.4%; P < learn more 0.0001). MF-BIA overestimated %BF among men (0.75%; P < 0.006) and women (0.87%; P < 0.006) GANT61 and underestimated it in the N BMI group (-1.56%; P < 0.0001); %BF was not different between methods in the OW BMI group. Error in %BF determined by segmental MF-BIA and DXA increased as %BF increased (r = 0.42, P < 0.0001). Waist circumference was the only significant predictor

of systematic error in %BF between MF-BIA and DXA (r = 0.60, P < 0.0001).\n\nConclusion: Eight-electrode, segmental MF-BIA is a valid method to estimate %BF in adults with BMI classified as N and OW, but not as OB. Estimation of trunk resistance with current segmental MF-BIA devices may explain the underestimation of %BF in the adults with OB BMI. Further examination of the effect of waist circumference and body fat distribution on the accuracy of BIA measurements is warranted. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“The transcription factor Early Growth Response 3 (Egr3) has been shown to play an important role in negatively regulating T cell activation and promoting T cell anergy in Th1 cells. However, its role in regulating other T helper subsets has yet to be described. We sought to determine the role of Egr3 in a Th17

response using transgenic selleck chemicals llc mice that overexpress Egr3 in T cells (Egr3 TG). Splenocytes from Egr3 TG mice demonstrated more robust generation of Th17 cells even under non-Th17 skewing conditions. We found that while Egr3 TG T cells were not intrinsically more likely to become Th17 cells, the environment encountered by these cells was more conducive to Th17 development. Further analysis revealed a considerable increase in the number of gamma delta T cells in both the peripheral lymphoid organs and mucosal tissues of Egr3 TG mice, a cell type which normally accounts for only a small fraction of peripheral lymphocytes. Consistent with this marked increase in peripheral gamma delta T cells, thymocytes from Egr3 TG mice also appear biased toward gamma delta T cell development.

\n\nMethods: We retrospectively reviewed all GMA patients who underwent segmental mandibulectomy and immediate free fibular osteoseptocutaneous flap reconstruction (SM-IFFOFR) by a single reconstructive team from 2002 to 2006. All treatment methods and outcomes were analysed.\n\nFindings: Forty-four

ameloblastoma patients were operated upon during this study period. Sixteen cases had GMA, of which 9 patients were included in this series (mean age: 35 years). The defects in the mandible ranged from 7 to 16 cm in length (mean: 12 cm). The average length of the harvested fibula was I 1 cm, and the number of osteotomies ranged from 1 to 2. The mean zschemic time was 137 thin Alvocidib solubility dmso (range: 90-180 min). Neck recipient vessels were used for flap perfusion in all cases. All but one flaps were viable without any complications, whilst partial skin-island

necrosis occurred in 2 patients. Hospital stay was 2 weeks in most of the patients. No tumour recurrence was found during the follow-up period (range: 26-73 months). Dental implants were placed in 2 patients.\n\nConclusions: Despite several selleck chemicals limitations of this study, we suggest that a radical approach with the SM-IFFOFR is an effective treatment for GMA. Further well-designed, larger series with longer follow-up periods are still encouraged. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: This study tested the hypothesis that early integration of plateau root form endosseous implants is significantly affected by surgical drilling technique.\n\nMaterials and Methods: Sixty-four implants were bilaterally placed in the diaphysial radius of 8 beagles

and remained 2 and 4 weeks in vivo. Half the implants had an alumina-blasted/acid-etched surface and the other half a surface coated with calcium phosphate. Half the implants with the 2 surface types were drilled at 50 rpm without saline irrigation and the other half were drilled at 900 rpm under abundant irrigation. After euthanasia, the implants in bone were nondecalcified and referred for histologic analysis. Bone-to-implant contact, bone area fraction occupancy, and the distance from the RO5045337 tip of the plateau to pristine cortical bone were measured. Statistical analyses were performed by analysis of variance at a 95% level of significance considering implant surface, time in vivo, and drilling speed as independent variables and bone-to-implant contact, bone area fraction occupancy, and distance from the tip of the plateau to pristine cortical bone as dependent variables.\n\nResults: The results showed that both techniques led to implant integration and intimate contact between bone and the 2 implant surfaces. A significant increase in bone-to-implant contact and bone area fraction occupancy was observed as time elapsed at 2 and 4 weeks and for the calcium phosphate-coated implant surface compared with the alumina-blasted/acid-etched surface.

WIN also decreased expression of specificity protein (Sp) transcription factors Sp1, Sp3, and Sp4, and this is consistent with the observed downregulation of the aforementioned Sp-regulated genes. In addition, we also observed by RNA interference (RNAi) that the oncogenic cap protein eIF4E was an Sp-regulated buy Dorsomorphin gene also downregulated by WIN in colon cancer cells. WIN-mediated repression of Sp proteins was not affected by cannabinoid receptor antagonists or by knockdown of the receptor but was attenuated by the phosphatase inhibitor

sodium orthovanadate or by knockdown of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). WIN-mediated repression of Sp1, Sp3, and Sp4 find more was due to PP2A-dependent downregulation of microRNA-27a (miR-27a)

and induction of miR-27a-regulated ZBTB10, which has previously been characterized as an “Sp repressor.” The results show that the anticancer activity of WIN is due, in part, to PP2A-dependent disruption of miR-27a:ZBTB10 and ZBTB10-mediated repression of Sp transcription factors and Sp-regulated genes, including eIF4E. (C) 2013 AACR.”
“OBJECTIVE\n\nTo compare the outcomes of flexible ureterorenoscopy (F-URS) and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) for treatment of lower pole stones of 10-20 mm.\n\nPATIENTS AND METHODS\n\nThe database of patients with a single lower pole stone of 10-20 mm was examined to obtain two matched groups who were treated with F-URS or ESWL. Matching criteria were stone length, side and patient gender.\n\nStone-free rates were evaluated 3 months after the last treatment session by non-contrast computed tomography. Both groups were compared for retreatment rate, complications and stone-free rate.\n\nRESULTS\n\nThe matched groups included 37 patients who underwent F-URS and 62 patients who underwent ESWL. Retreatment rate was significantly higher for AG-881 supplier ESWL (60% vs 8%, P < 0.001).\n\nComplications

were more after F-URS (13.5% vs 4.8%), but the difference was not significant (P = 0.146). All complications were grade II or IIIa on modified Clavien classification.\n\nThe stone-free rate was significantly better after F-URS (86.5% vs 67.7%, P = 0.038). One failure of F-URS (2.7%) and five failures (8%) of ESWL were treated with percutaneous nephrolithotomy.\n\nSignificant residual fragments in three patients (8%) after F-URS were treated with ESWL, while significant residual fragments after ESWL in five patients (8%) were treated with F-URS. Residual fragments (<4 mm) were followed every 3 months in one patient (2.7%) after F-URS and in 10 patients (16%) after ESWL.\n\nCONCLUSIONS\n\nFor treatment of lower pole stones of 10-20 mm, F-URS provided significantly higher stone-free rate and lower retreatment rate compared with ESWL.

“
“P>Leishmania (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) are protozoan parasites of

significant medical and veterinary importance. Over the last decade, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has emerged as a major opportunistic infection associated with HIV/AIDS in North Western Ethiopia. This paper reports on serological evidence of possible Leishmania donovani (L. donovani) infection in dogs using two serological tests: direct agglutination test (DAT) and Kalazar detect rapid test (KDRT). Two hundred and seventeen asymptomatic Cyclosporin A price local breed dogs were examined for L. donovani antibodies. Performance of the DAT and KDRT was assessed in 162 matching samples of blood collected on filter paper and find more serum, respectively. Using DAT and KDRT testing in parallel, the overall seroprevalence of L. donovani infection was 27.7% and 14.8%, respectively. The degree of agreement was found to be fair (68.8%, k = 0.234). Univariable logistic regression analysis of some risk factors for L. donovani infection in dogs using DAT indicates that place

of residence, sex, age, dog keeping purpose and dog housing condition were not significantly associated with seropositivity. The high proportion of positive dogs suggests the exposure of these animals to L. donovani infection and needs further investigation. Isolation and typing of the parasite aiming at confirming the role of these animals in maintenance and transmission of kala-azar is advocated.”
“Ideal free distribution theory predicts that individuals distribute themselves so fitness is equal among patches. In this paper we evaluate all components of adult fitness to

assess the hypothesis that individuals distribute themselves among seven brood-rearing areas so that trade-offs among different life history traits result in equal mean fitness among individuals using different areas. We used estimates of vital rates (clutch size, nest survival, pre-fledging survival, post-fledging survival, juvenile survival, and breeding probability) to estimate CA3 cost brood-rearing-area-specific per capita recruitment rates and survival for adult females. We summed brood-rearing-area-specific per capita recruitment and adult survival to calculate brood-rearing-area-specific estimates of . We found little variation in among brood-rearing areas and lifetime fitness implications of changing brood-rearing area were negligible ( smaller than 1% brood-rearing area mean fitness). We conclude that adult female Black Brant distribute themselves in an ideal free manner, resulting in equal fitness among females using these areas.”
“Endo-dormant flower buds of tree peony must have sufficient chilling duration to reinitiate growth, which is a major obstacle to the forcing culture of tree peony in winter.

5 g) or high (2 g) basal tension for short (1 hour) or long duration (24 hours). Isometric contraction in response to phenylephrine (Phe, 10(-5) mol/L), angiotensin II (AngII, 10(-6)

mol/L), and KCl was measured. The veins were frozen to determine the expression and localization of MMPs using immunoblots and immunohistochemistry.\n\nResults. In IVC segments subjected to 0.5 g tension for 1 hour, Phe and AngII produced significant contraction. At higher 2 g basal tension for Selleckchem Givinostat 24 hours, both Phe and AngII contractions were significantly reduced. Reduction in KCl contraction was also observed at high 2 g basal tension for 24 hours, suggesting that the reduction in vein contraction is not specific to a particular receptor, and likely involves inhibition of a post-receptor contraction mechanism. In vein segments under 2 g tension for 24 hours and treated with TIMP-1, Phe, AngII, and KCl contractions were partially restored, suggesting the involvement of MMps. IVC immunoblot analysis demonstrated

prominent bands corresponding to MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein. High 2 g wall tension for 24 hours was associated with marked increase in the amount of MMP-2 and -9 relative check details to the housekeeping protein actin. There was a correlation between MMP expression and decreased vein contraction. Also, significant increases in MMP-2 and -9 immunostaining were observed in IVC segments subjected to high 2 g tension for 24 hours. click here Both MMP-2 and MMP-9 caused significant inhibition of Phe contraction in IVC segments.\n\nConclusions: In rat IVC, increases in magnitude and duration of wall tension is associated with reduced contraction and overexpression of MMP-2 and -9. In light of our findings that MMP-2 and -9 promote IVC relaxation,

the data suggest that protracted increases in venous pressure and wall tension increase MMPs expression, which in turn reduce venous contraction and lead to progressive venous dilation.”
“The activities of promoters can be temporally and conditionally regulated by mechanisms other than classical DNA-binding repressors and activators. One example is the inherently weak Sigma(70)-dependent Pr promoter that ultimately controls catabolism of phenolic compounds. The activity of Pr is up-regulated through the joint action of ppGpp and DksA that enhance the performance of RNA polymerase at this promoter. Here, we report a mutagenesis analysis that revealed substantial differences between Pr and other ppGpp/DksA co-stimulated promoters. In vitro transcription and RNA polymerase binding assays show that it is the T at the -11 position of the extremely suboptimal -10 element of Pr that underlies both poor binding of Sigma(70)-RNAP and a slow rate of open complex formation-the process that is accelerated by ppGpp and DksA. Our findings support the idea that collaborative action of ppGpp and DksA lowers the rate-limiting transition energy required for conversion between intermediates on the road to open complex formation.

This hybrid material represents a promising candidate as one of the so-called theranostic agents that possess both diagnostic and therapeutic functions.”
“Sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) is a typical multifactorial disease. Isothiocyanates (ITC) have been recently shown to inhibit development of CRC in many experimental models. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short noncoding RNAs that posttranscriptionally regulate gene expression through binding to 3 untranslated regions

(3UTR) of target mRNAs. MiRNAs are regulated by natural agents, ITCs included. In our study, using global expression profiling based on TaqMan Sapitinib clinical trial Low-Density Arrays, we identified 3 common miRNAs (miR-155, miR-23b, miR-27b) regulated by ITCs (sulforaphane, iberin) in colonic epithelial cell lines NCM460 and NCM356. selleck chemicals llc In silico predictions allowed us to find 9 relevant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) localized within the 3UTRs of genes (AGTR1, TNFAIP2, PRKCB, HSPA9, RABGAP1, DICER1, ADAM19, VWA5A, and SIRT5) targeted by these ITC-related miRNAs. Finally, we observed that homozygous CC genotype of DICER1, rs1057035, was significantly associated with decreased risk of CRC (odds ratio = 0.49; 95% confidence interval: 0.250.95, P = 0.036) when compared to TT homozygote genotype; also, the C allele tended to have a protective effect (P = 0.072). This study showed that miRNAs could be involved in chemoprotective effects of natural

agents; their function alteration through SNPs in their binding sites and flanking regions presents a new class of CRC risk factors.”
“Background: The increased incidence of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), are serious public health issues, and several studies link sleeping disorders with increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance (IR). This study explore how self-reported lack of sleep and low vitality, are associated with IGT in a representative Swedish population.\n\nMethods: A cross-sectional survey conducted in two municipalities in South-western Sweden. Participants aged 30-75 were randomly selected from the population in strata by sex and age. Altogether, 2,816

participants were surveyed with a participation rates at 76%. Participants with normal glucose tolerance (n=2,314), LY3023414 datasheet and those with IGT (n=213) were retained for analyses. The participants answered a questionnaire before the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Associations for questions concerning sleeping disorders, vitality and IGT were analysed using logistic regression and were expressed as odds ratios (OR) with 95% CI.\n\nResults: In men a statistically significant age-adjusted association was found between self-reported lack of sleep and IGT: OR 2.4 (95% CI: 1.1-5.4). It did not weaken after further adjustment for body mass index (BMI), smoking, education, and leisure time physical activity 2.3 (1.0-5.5, p=0.044). No such associations were found in females.

[Conclusion] The reason why acute maximal load did not have a significant effect on the MDA activation which is an indicator of lipid peroxidation is that acute maximal load raised the free radical level and the lipid peroxide level; and had a defense mechanism against the generation of free radicals; thus restrained lipid peroxides from

being generated by free radicals; consequently they could not have any effect on antioxidation capability.”
“Parathyroid hormone (PTH) inhibits Na+-K+-ATPase activity by serine phosphorylation of the alpha(1)-subunit through ERK-dependent phosphorylation and translocation of protein kinase C alpha (PKC alpha ). On the basis of previous studies, we postulated that PTH regulates sodium pump activity through Src click here kinase, PLC, and calcium-dependent ERK phosphorylation. BAY 57-1293 ic50 In the present work utilizing opossum kidney cells, a model of renal proximal tubule, PTH-stimulated ERK phosphorylation and membrane translocation of PKC alpha were prevented by inhibition of Src kinase, PLC, and calcium entry. Pharmacological inhibition of PLA(2) did not prevent PTH-stimulated ERK phosphorylation but completely prevented PKC alpha translocation. Silencing the expression of cytosolic or calcium-independent PLA(2) also prevented

PTH-mediated phosphorylation of Na+-K+-ATPase alpha(1)-subunit and PKC alpha without blocking ERK phosphorylation. Inhibition of Na+-K+-ATPase activity by the PLA(2) metabolites arachidonic acid and 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid was prevented by specific inhibition of PKC alpha but not by U0126, a MEK-1 inhibitor. Transient transfection of constitutively active MEK-1 cDNA induced phosphorylation

of Na+-K+-ATPase alpha(1)-subunit and PKC alpha , which was prevented by PLA(2) inhibition. We conclude that PTH stimulates Na+-K+-ATPase phosphorylation and decreases the activity of Na+-K+-ATPase by a sequential activation of a signaling pathway involving Src kinase, PLC, ERK, PLA(2), and PKC alpha .”
“Bacteria of the genus Bartonella are emerging zoonotic bacteria recognized in a variety of human diseases. Due to their poor chemical reactivity, these fastidious bacteria are poorly characterized using routine phenotypic laboratory find more tests. Identification is usually achieved using molecular techniques that are time-consuming, expensive and technically demanding. Recently, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has emerged as a new technique for bacterial species identification. This study evaluated the use of MALDI-TOF MS for rapid genus and species identification of Bartonella species. Reference strains representing 17 recognized Bartonella species were studied. For each species, MS spectra for four colonies were analysed.

Other radiographic findings were narrowness of the intervertebral disc spaces resulting in precocious degenerative spondylosis and progressive scoliosis. The femoral neck was short and thick and showed a persistent enlargement of the lesser trochanter with a high-riding, bulbous greater trochanter that Alisertib became more prominent with age. Molecular testing of the diastrophic dysplasia sulfate transporter (DTDST) gene was performed on six patients and no mutations were detected. This radiographic and clinical observation further adds to the evidence that there may be subtypes of DBQD. Long-term follow-up showed that severe precocious osteoarthritis of the hand and spine is a

major manifestation of this specific variant. (C) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.”
“Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are transcriptional repressors that control expression of developmental regulator genes in animals and plants. Recent advances in our understanding of the PcG system include biochemical

purifications that revealed a substantial variety in PcG complex composition. These different complexes contain distinct chromatin-modifying activities and engage in cross-talk with other chromatin modifications. Complementing these biochemical analyses, structural studies have begun to provide insight into how PcG proteins interact with each other and with chromatin. Finally, genome-wide binding profiling and the ensuing functional analysis of target gene regulation revealed that the PcG system is not only used for the permanent silencing of developmental Bcl-2 inhibitor regulator genes. Rather, PcG mediated repression also constitutes a mechanism for dynamic control of gene transcription.”
“Components of the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) pathway are major players in processes known to generate genetic diversity, such as mutagenesis and DNA recombination. Trypanosoma

cruzi, the protozoan parasite that causes Chagas disease has a highly heterogeneous population, composed of a pool of strains with distinct characteristics. Studies with a number of molecular markers identified up to six groups in the T. cruzi population, which showed distinct levels check details of genetic variability. To investigate the molecular basis for such differences, we analyzed the T. cruzi MSH2 gene, which encodes a key component of MMR, and showed the existence of distinct isoforms of this protein. Here we compared cell survival rates after exposure to genotoxic agents and levels of oxidative stress-induced DNA in different parasite strains. Analyses of msh2 mutants in both T. cruzi and T. brucei were also used to investigate the role of Tcmsh2 in the response to various DNA damaging agents. The results suggest that the distinct MSH2 isoforms have differences in their activity. More importantly, they also indicate that, in addition to its role in MMR, TcMSH2 acts in the parasite response to oxidative stress through a novel mitochondrial function that may be conserved in T. brucei. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V.

A range of see more methods have been used for the detection of reduced susceptibility to chlorhexidine, but, importantly, there is no standardized method and no consensus on the definition of chlorhexidine oresistance’.

In this review we have assessed the methods available for the detection of reduced susceptibility to chlorhexidine and the prevalence of coresistance to other antimicrobial agents. We have focused on the development of reduced susceptibility to chlorhexidine and the presence of efflux-mediated resistance genes in staphylococci, and have reviewed the clinical significance of this phenomenon. Lastly, we have identified unanswered questions to further our understanding of this emergent threat. We anticipate that clinical use of chlorhexidine will continue to increase, and it will be important to be alert to the possibility that this may lead to the emergence of new clones with reduced susceptibility. Indiscriminate chlorhexidine use in the absence of efficacy data should

be discouraged.”
“We examined the effect of a controlled diet and two probiotic preparations PD0325901 MAPK inhibitor on urinary oxalate excretion, a risk factor for calcium oxalate kidney stone formation, in patients with mild hyperoxaluria. Patients were randomized to a placebo, a probiotic, or a synbiotic preparation. This tested whether these probiotic preparations can increase oxalate metabolism in the intestine and/or decrease oxalate absorption from the gut. Patients were maintained click here on a controlled diet to remove the confounding variable of differing oxalate intake from food. Urinary oxalate excretion and calcium oxalate supersaturation on the controlled diet were significantly lower compared with baseline on a free-choice diet. Neither study preparation reduced urinary oxalate excretion nor calcium oxalate supersaturation. Fecal

lactobacilli colony counts increased on both preparations, whereas enterococcal and yeast colony counts were increased on the synbiotic. Total urine volume and the excretion of oxalate and calcium were all strong independent determinants of urinary calcium oxalate supersaturation. Hence, dietary oxalate restriction reduced urinary oxalate excretion, but the tested probiotics did not influence urinary oxalate levels in patients on a restricted oxalate diet. However, this study suggests that dietary oxalate restriction is useful for kidney stone prevention. Kidney International (2010) 78, 1178-1185; doi: 10.1038/ki.2010.310; published online 25 August 2010″
“Anaerobic granular sludge treatment processes have been continuously developed, although the anaerobic sludge granulation process was not clearly understood.