The relative sensitivity for the matrices meat and environmental

The relative sensitivity for the matrices meat and environmental samples, as well as when Cell Cycle inhibitor all the samples were analyzed together were above 95%, which is the limit considered acceptable according to NordVal [15]. No recommendations concerning the levels for the relative accuracy and relative specificity are given in either the guideline [15] or in the ISO16140 standard [19]. In the collaborative study, complete agreement between the selleck chemicals real-time PCR method and the culture-based reference method was obtained for all test characteristics for minced pork and veal meat as well as for poultry neck-skin samples.

For carcass swabs, one of the samples that were not artificially contaminated was positive when analyzed by one of the laboratories. However, investigations after the finalization of the trial pointed to a mix-up of two samples during the set-up of the PCR plate, which find more presents a reasonable explanation for this false-positive result. One of the participants was excluded from the study, due to too long transportation time (> 5 days) which has a detrimental effect on the PCR master mix. There are some limitations to this study that should be taken into consideration when

implementing the method at other laboratories. Firstly, only one brand of PCR thermo cycler was used in the study. It has previously been reported that PCR results might vary considerable between different thermocyclers [12] and it might be necessary to adjust reagent concentrations and the temperature program slightly to optimize the method. Secondly, the enrichment step of the method was only performed at the SPTLC1 expert laboratory and pellets were sent out for DNA extraction and PCR analysis. Thus

the reproducibility was assessed for the DNA extraction and PCR steps. This procedure was approved in advance by NordVal. The participating laboratories were experienced laboratories that were familiar with culture based methodologies. However, in other guidelines for collaborative studies, such as ISO 16140, it is recommended that the complete procedure is performed by all participating laboratories [19]. In the last part of the study, the robustness of the method was verified externally for artificially contaminated pork samples. No significant difference in the result for the real-time PCR method and a commercial SYBR-Green PCR-based analysis system (BAX) was found. However, results were available after 14 h for the real-time PCR method, compared with 20–24 h for the BAX system. In this study, two samples inoculated with a very low level (estimated 2 CFU/25 g) and two samples inoculated at 10 CFU/25 g were negative in both methods, most likely indicating that no surviving Salmonella actually were present in the sample.

lactis were included for comparison The graph is of the data fro

lactis were included for comparison. The graph is of the data from one experiment. Characterization of Milciclib cell line murinized L. monocytogenes: competitive index assays Four inlA sequences conferring enhanced invasion into CT-26 cells

were selected to be re-created in the chromosome of L. monocytogenes EGD-e. The mutations constituted RGFP966 molecular weight two single aa changes for EGD-e A (Asn259Tyr) and EGD-e B (Gln190Leu). While three aa changes were introduced into EGD-e C (T164A, K301I, Q303E) and EGD-e D (S173I, L185F, L188I). These mutations were chosen based on the frequency of isolation in L. lactis (EGD-e B and C), the ability to attribute the phenotype to an aa change (EGD-e A) and the isolation of mutations all confined within one LRR (EGD-e D). A fifth strain was also created based on the Lmo-InlAm mutation [18], except with

Listeria optimized codons for 192Asn and 369Ser, and was used as a positive control (EGD-e InlA m *). Sequencing confirmed the integrity of the newly introduced mutations, with equivalent levels of InlA expressed on the surface of the strains as compared Vactosertib molecular weight to EGD-e (assessed by western blot – data not shown). InlAm strain (termed EGD-e InlA m *) was compared to the parental EGD-e strain for invasion into Caco-2 and CT-26 monolayers. No differences in invasion (Figure 7a) or adherence (data not shown) were observed to Caco-2 cells, while the invasion of EGD-e InlA m for * was significantly higher than EGD-e into CT-26 cells. We then compared the virulence of EGD-e and EGD-e InlA m * by competitive index (CI) assays via the intravenous (i.v.) (Figure 7b) or intragastric (i.g.) (Figure 7c) route in Balb/c mice. For i.v. inoculated mice, no differences in the kinetics of infection were observed for either strain (Figure 7b). This confirms that the two amino acid changes in InlAm do not impact on the virulence of EGD-e InlA m * once

the gastrointestinal tract is bypassed. However, EGD-e InlA m * was significantly more virulent when infected by the i.g. route, with higher counts obtained from livers and spleens and a significantly higher CI value (p < 0.001) for both day two (Liver 28.9, Spleen 10.6) and day three (Liver 24.9, Spleen 7.7 – Figure 7c). Neither strain was recovered form the liver nor spleen at day one post infection. Subsequent competitive index experiments were conducted by the i.g. route comparing EGD-e InlA m * against the strains expressing the InlA mutations identified by the CT-26 cell screen (Figure 7d). Of the four recreated strains, only EGD-e A (N259Y) gave a higher CI than EGD-e in the liver (0.19 vs 0.05) whereas identical values (0.12) were obtained for the spleens. Further experimentation will be required to access the contribution of the N259Y mutation, and it would be intriguing to see if the recombination of this mutation into EGD-e InlA m * would further enhance murine pathogenicity.

The boiling points of TEP and methyl are 215°C and 219°C, respect

The boiling points of TEP and methyl are 215°C and 219°C, respectively, showing a boiling point difference of only 4°C. The this website vaporised simulants at a concentration of 100 ppm are stored inside an air bag. The carrier gas velocity is set to18 cm/s. About 1 mL of the gas mixture is injected into the Agilent GC 6890 system (Santa Clara, CA, USA) with a 200:1 split ratio. The initial temperature of the GC column is set to 140°C, and the column JPH203 nmr temperature is programmed to increase at a rate of 100°C/min until it reaches 200°C. Under these conditions, all the gas components are separated within 24 s (Figure 7). The resolutions of the two adjacent peaks are 2.10 and 1.30.

Therefore, MCC achieves both high speed and high separation efficiency. Figure 7 Separation of the mixture of CWA simulants: DMMP, TEP, and methyl salicylate. The carrier gas velocity

is 18 cm/s.The Selleckchem BIRB 796 initial temperature of gas chromatography column is set at 140°C. The temperature of the column was programmed to rise at the rate of 100°C/min till 200°C. The samples were mixtures of CWA simulants with a concentration of 100 ppm each. In another experiment, interfering components (i.e., dichloromethane, ethanol, and toluene) are also mixed with the simulants to produce a new gas mixture. The boiling points of the six components range from 78°C to 219°C. The concentration for each sample is maintained at 100 ppm, and the unless column is kept at a constant temperature of 110°C. About 1 mL of the mixture gas is injected into the column at a split ratio of 200:1. The carrier gas velocity is maintained at 18 cm/s. All components are separated within 70 s (Figure 8). The plate numbers of all components are low (Table 1). These results are caused by the low distribution constant of each component in short column length. However, the resolution of each peak is greater than 1.4, which is close to that required

for baseline separation (1.5). These results indicate that the MCC possesses a high separation efficiency and can separate components with a wide range of boiling points within a short period of time. Thus, the low plate number of components can be accepted rationally. Figure 8 Separation of six components of a mixture: dichloromethane, ethanol, toluene, DMMP, TEP, and methyl salicylate. The velocity of the carrier gas is 18 cm/s and the column temperature is 110°C. Table 1 Separation of six components in MCC Sample Retention time (min) Number of plates/m Resolution Dichloromethane 0.064 116   Ethanol 0.127 154 1.43 Toluene 0.224 236 1.45 DMMP 0.362 362 1.48 TEP 0.88 1,166 4.09 Methyl salicylate 1.117 1,952 1.64 Conclusions In this work, the MEMS technique was used to fabricate a MCC column which was 50-cm long. By applying the DRIE technique, a 60-μm-wide and 450-μm-deep MCC was fabricated; these dimensions resulted in an aspect ratio of 7.5:1.

The proportion of cells/area staining at each intensity is multip

The proportion of cells/area staining at each intensity is multiplied by the corresponding intensity value and

these products are added to obtain an immunostaining score (immunoscore) ranging from 0 to 4. For ERα and Ki-67, the percentage of cancer epithelial cells with nuclear staining was quantified. Statistical selleck inhibitor Analysis Microarray array images were processed to extract expression quantification with MAS 5 using the Affymetrix GCOS software. High-Dimensional-Biology-Statistics (HDBStat!; Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham [19]) was used for analysis of the gene expression data, including quantile–quantile normalization, quality control and comparison of gene expression. Genes determined to be differentially expressed and chosen for validation had a fold difference of at least 2.5 and a CA4P manufacturer p value ≤ 0.05 by the equal variance t test. The percentage of BrdU and Ki-67 positive cells, real-time PCR expression values and tumor size were compared by the t test for unequal variances. The proportion of patients with positive lymph nodes in FBLN1 low versus high breast cancers was compared using Fisher’s exact test. Immunohistochemical scores for FBLN1 were compared by the Wilcoxon signed rank two sample test or the Mann Whitney test, as appropriate. Results Gene Expression Profiling of NAF and CAF Revealed Many Differentially Expressed Genes We have previously

shown that NAF have a greater ability to inhibit epithelial cell growth than CAF in direct contact co-cultures [3]. To identify molecules through which NAF may

inhibit epithelial growth Selleck Temsirolimus to a greater extent than CAF, the gene expression profiles of NAF and CAF were compared. Affymetrix Hu95A arrays interrogating approximately 10,000 full length genes were used to compare gene expression. Early passage NAF (two cultures) and CAF (three cultures) were used. Each of the fibroblast this website cultures were from a different individual. The comparison of mean expression in NAF versus CAF yielded 420 genes that were differentially expressed with a p value ≤ 0.05 and at least a 2.5-fold difference in expression level. Of the 420 differentially expressed genes, 180 were overexpressed in NAF and 240 overexpressed in CAF (Supplemental Tables 1 and 2). NAF Suppressed Proliferation of MCF10AT Epithelial Cells Through Soluble and Insoluble Factors To assist us in selecting genes identified as differentially expressed by expression microarray for validation, we wanted to know if both soluble and insoluble secreted factors were important in the growth inhibition of epithelial cells induced by NAF. To determine this, we prepared 3D transwell and direct co-cultures of MCF10AT epithelial cells and NAF. Transwell co-cultures allow assessment of soluble secreted molecules that can traverse the filter to influence cells in a paracrine manner.

The lysate was applied to the top of a 2-step sucrose gradient (7

The lysate was applied to the top of a 2-step sucrose gradient (72% and 52%) and centrifuged at 58,357 g overnight at 4°C. The day after, the outer membranes were collected

and washed by centrifugation at 142,743 g/1 h/4°C. The proteins of the outer membrane were purified by solubilization with 2% Triton X-100, 20 mM TrisHCl, pH8, and then with 2% Triton X-100, 20 mM TrisHCl, pH8, 10 mM EDTA, to remove all remaining bound LPS and phospholipids. At each passage, the pellet was sonicated at a probe intensity of 35/30 sec and then centrifuged at 145,424 g/1 hr/4°C. The fractions, solubilized with 2% Triton X-100, 20 mM TrisHCl, pH8, were centrifuged Cediranib cell line 145,424 g/1 hr/4°C and the supernatant was loaded on a DEAE-Sephacel column, equilibrated with 0.2% Triton X-100, 20 mM TrisHCl, pH8, 10 mM EDTA (column buffer). OprF was eluted using a 0.1 M – 0.3 M NaCl linear gradient. The porin preparation was run on a gel-filtration column selleck chemicals (Amersham Biosciences), (column buffer was: 0.25% SDS, 10 mM NaCl, 5 mM EDTA, 0.05% β-mercaptoethanol). The purity of OprF was checked by SDS-PAGE followed by Western blotting with the MA7-7 at high specificity

monoclonal antibody [37] (kindly gifted by Dr R.E.W Hancock). Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay [38] was performed to evaluate LPS contamination (100 pg/μg porins) in native porin preparation. Preparation of recombinant OprF (His-OprF) Genomic DNA was extracted from P. aeruginosa PAO1 strain and the oprF sequence was amplified by PCR with specific primers: 5′-CGCGGATCCAAACTGAAGAACACCTTAGGCGTTGTC-3′ (Fw) and 5′-CCCAAGCTTTTACTTGGCTTCGGCTTCTACTTCGGC-3′ (Rev). The oprF gene fragment was cloned (BamHI and Hind III) into the pET28a expression vector (Novagen), that has an His6 affinity tag at the 5′ end of the polylinker that functions as a high affinity nickel-binding domain in the translated protein. To

be sure that all the Carbohydrate OprF nucleotide sequence was completely cloned, the plasmid was sequenced by automated sequencing using Sanger’s method and the sequence was compared with the sequence reported in GenBank. The Qiagen expression host cells, E. coli BL21, were made competent and transformed with the resulting plasmid pET28a-oprF. Expression of recombinant OprF (His-OprF) was induced by the addition of isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG) (Sigma; 1 mM final concentration). E. coli BL21 cells were harvested by centrifugation and His-OprF was purified by denaturing conditions on a nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid affinity chromatography gel matrix (Sigma Aldrich). The recombinant protein purification was performed by denaturing conditions in four steps, as follows: solubilization with 8 M urea, 0.1 M Selleck BYL719 NaH2PO4, 0.01 M TrisHCl, pH8; washing with 8 M urea, 0.1 M NaH2PO4, 0.01 M TrisHCl, pH 6.3 and 8 M urea, 0.1 M NaH2PO4, 0.01 M TrisHCl, pH 5.9; eluation of the interested protein with 8 M urea, 0.1 M NaH2PO4, 0.01 M TrisHCl, pH 4.5. Pure His-OprF was solubilized in 0.

Ergonomics 47(1):1–18CrossRef Hughes RE, Silverstein BA, Evanoff<

Ergonomics 47(1):1–18CrossRef Hughes RE, find more Silverstein BA, Evanoff

BA (1997) Risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders in an aluminum smelter. Am J Ind Med 32:66–75CrossRef Kuijer PP, Hoozemans MJ, Kingma I et al (2003) Effect of a redesigned two-wheeled container for refuse collecting on mechanical loading of low back and shoulders. Ergonomics 46(6):543–560CrossRef EPZ015938 manufacturer Kuijer PP, Hoozemans MJ, Frings-Dresen MH (2007) A different approach for the ergonomic evaluation of pushing and pulling in practice. Int J Ind Ergo 37:855–862CrossRef Seidler A, Bolm-Audorff U, Petereit-Haack G et al. (2011) Work-related lesions of the supraspinatus tendon: a case-control study. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 84(4):425–433 Smedley J, Inskip H, Trevelyan F, Buckle P, Cooper C,

Coggon D (2003) Risk factors for incident neck and shoulder pain in hospital nurses. Occup Environ Med 60(11):864–869 Van der Beek AJ, Frings-Dresen MHW, Van Dijk FJH, Kemper HCG, Meijman TF (1993) Lazertinib concentration Loading and unloading by lorry drivers and musculoskeletal complaints. Int J Ind Ergo 12:13–23CrossRef”
“Introduction Health promotion is a cornerstone of public health policy in most western countries. In order to reach as many individuals as possible, different settings are explored to provide health promotion programs. Because of the possibility to reach large groups, and the presence of a natural social network, the workplace is regarded as a promising context for health promotion. The World Health Organization (WHO 2010a) has described the workplace as one of the priority settings for health promotion into the 21st century, and the World Health Assembly of the WHO (2010b) endorsed the “Workers’ health: Global Plan of Action”, aimed to protect and promote health at the workplace. Workplace health promotion (WHP) is defined as the combined efforts of employers, employees, and society to improve the health and wellbeing of people at work.

The European Agency for Safety and Health at Work Benzatropine (2010) describes that WHP should be achieved by promoting the participation of workers in the whole process of WHP. Employers are encouraged to provide health promotion activities to their employees. With the aim to become the worlds’ healthiest country in 2020, Australia gives workplaces a key role in preventative health (Australian Government Preventive Health Taskforce 2008). Individual health risk assessments and health risk reduction programs aimed at lifestyle are popular applications for WHP (for example Ott et al. 2010; Rocha et al. 2010). However, the participation in such programs varies considerably between companies and is often low (Robroek et al. 2009).

(ZIP 3 MB) Additional file 7: Table S7 Statistically significant

(ZIP 3 MB) Additional file 7: Table S7. Statistically significantly

differentially expressed probe sets in the gingival tissues according to levels of P. micra in the adjacent CA4P pockets. (ZIP 3 MB) Additional file 8: Table S8. Statistically significantly differentially expressed probe sets in the gingival tissues according to levels of C. rectus in the adjacent pockets. (ZIP 3 MB) Additional file 9: Table S9. Statistically significantly differentially expressed probe sets in the gingival tissues according to levels of E. corrodens in the adjacent pockets. Temsirolimus mw (ZIP 3 MB) Additional file 10: Table S10. Statistically significantly differentially expressed probe sets in the gingival tissues according to levels of V. parvula in the adjacent pockets. (ZIP 3 MB) Additional file 11: Table S11. Statistically significantly differentially expressed probe sets in the gingival tissues according to levels of A. naeslundii in the adjacent pockets. (ZIP 3 MB) Additional file 12: Table S12. A list of the top 100 differentially expressed probe sets in the gingival tissues according to levels of ‘Etiologic burden’ in the adjacent pockets. (XLS 32 KB) Additional file 13: Table S13.

A list of the top 100 differentially expressed probe sets in the gingival CHIR-99021 order tissues according to levels of ‘Putative burden’ in the adjacent pockets. (XLS 26 KB) Additional file 14: Table S14. A list of the top 100 differentially expressed probesets in the gingival tissues according to levels of ‘Health-associated burden’ in the adjacent pockets. (XLSX 17 KB) Additional file 15: Table S15. List of all statistically significantly regulated GO groups in the gingival tissues according to levels of each of the 11 investigated species in the adjacent pockets. (ZIP 646 KB) References 1. Socransky SS, Haffajee AD: Periodontal microbial ecology. Periodontol 2000 2005, 38:135–187.CrossRefPubMed 2. Marsh PD: Dental plaque: biological significance of a biofilm and community lifestyle. J Clin Periodontol 2005,32(Suppl 6):7–15.CrossRefPubMed 3. Listgarten MA, Helldén 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase L: Relative distribution of bacteria at clinically healthy and periodontally diseased sites in humans. J Clin Periodontol

1978,5(2):115–132.CrossRefPubMed 4. Socransky SS, Haffajee AD, Smith C, Dibart S: Relation of counts of microbial species to clinical status at the sampled site. J Clin Periodontol 1991,18(10):766–775.CrossRefPubMed 5. Page RC, Schroeder HE: Pathogenesis of inflammatory periodontal disease. A summary of current work. Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology 1976,34(3):235–249.PubMed 6. Offenbacher S: Periodontal diseases: pathogenesis. Ann Periodontol 1996,1(1):821–878.CrossRefPubMed 7. Chung CH, Bernard PS, Perou CM: Molecular portraits and the family tree of cancer. Nat Genet 2002,32(Suppl):533–540.CrossRefPubMed 8. Quackenbush J: Microarray analysis and tumor classification. N Engl J Med 2006,354(23):2463–2472.CrossRefPubMed 9.

J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2009,16(3–4):176–186 PubMedCrossRef 15

J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2009,16(3–4):176–186.PubMedCrossRef 15. Latimer MT, Ferry JG: Cloning, sequence analysis, and hyperexpression of the genes encoding phosphotransacetylase and acetate kinase from Methanosarcina thermophila . J Bacteriol 1993,175(21):6822–6829.PubMed 16. Singh-Wissmann K, Ferry JG: Transcriptional regulation of the phosphotransacetylase-encoding and acetate kinase-encoding genes selleck compound (pta and ack) from Methanosarcina thermophila . J Bacteriol 1995,177(7):1699–1702.PubMed 17. Bell SD, Kosa PL, Sigler PB, Jackson SP: Orientation

of the transcription preinitiation complex in archaea. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999,96(24):13662–13667.PubMedCrossRef 18. Li Q, Li L, Rejtar T, Karger BL, Ferry JG: Proteome of Methanosarcina acetivorans Part

I: an expanded view of the biology of the cell. J Proteome Res 2005,4(1):112–128.PubMedCrossRef 19. Hochheimer A, Hedderich R, Thauer RK: The formylmethanofuran dehydrogenase isoenzymes in Methanobacterium wolfei and Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum : induction of the molybdenum isoenzyme by molybdate and constitutive synthesis of the tungsten isoenzyme. Arch Microbiol 1998,170(5):389–393.PubMedCrossRef 20. Thauer RK, Kaster AK, Seedorf H, Buckel W, Hedderich R: Methanogenic archaea: ecologically relevant differences in energy conservation. Nat Rev Microbiol 2008,6(8):579–591.PubMedCrossRef 21. Guss AM, Kulkarni G, CYTH4 Metcalf WW: Differences in hydrogenase gene expression between Methanosarcina acetivoran selleck products s and Methanosarcina barkeri . J Bacteriol 2009,191(8):2826–2833.PubMedCrossRef 22. Deppenmeier U, Blaut M, Lentes S, Herzberg C, Gottschalk G: Analysis of the vhoGAC and vhtGAC operons from Methanosarcina mazei strain Go1, both encoding a membrane-bound hydrogenase

and a cytochrome b. Eur J Biochem 1995,227(1–2):261–269.PubMedCrossRef 23. Deppenmeier U, Johann A, Hartsch T, Merkl R, Schmitz RA, Martinez-Arias R, Henne A, Wiezer A, Bäumer S, Jacobi C, Brüggemann H, Lienard T, Christmann A, Bömeke M, Steckel S, Bhattacharyya A, Lykidis A, Overbeek R, Klenk HP, Gunsalus RP, Fritz HJ, Gottschalk G: The genome of Methanosarcina mazei : evidence for lateral gene transfer between bacteria and archaea. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2002,4(4):453–461.PubMed 24. Swartz TH, Ikewada S, Ishikawa O, Ito M, Krulwich TA: The Mrp system: a giant among monovalent cation/proton antiporters? Extremophiles 2005,9(5):345–354.PubMedCrossRef 25. Saum R, Schlegel K, Meyer B, Muller V: The F1FO ATP Sirtuin inhibitor synthase genes in Methanosarcina acetivorans are dispensable for growth and ATP synthesis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2009,300(2):230–236.PubMedCrossRef 26. Meier T, Polzer P, Diederichs K, Welte W, Dimroth P: Structure of the rotor ring of F-Type Na+-ATPase from Ilyobacter tartaricus . Science 2005,308(5722):659–662.PubMedCrossRef 27.

This series was inspired by the three-volume (I, 1945; II, Part 1

This series was inspired by the three-volume (I, 1945; II, Part 1, 1951; and II, Part 2, 1956) set Photosynthesis and Related Processes, written by Eugene I. Rabinowitch. Rabinowitch began his project in 1938 and finished it in 1956. By 1994 it was clear mTOR inhibitor that the comprehensive treatment of topics in photosynthesis was an ongoing need and at the same time it would be impossible for one person to write it all or even

edit one or a few volumes that would claim to cover all of photosynthesis. Govindjee initiated the idea of a comprehensive series of books that cover the process of photosynthesis from femtosecond to an entire season; he took on the task of Series Editor, inviting and cajoling the world’s experts to serve as editors for volumes that now number 34. Volume 34 has been appropriately dedicated by Julian Eaton-Rye, Baishnab C. Tripathy and myself (Thomas D. Sharkey) to Govindjee for his self-less service to the Photosynthesis Community at large. I joined as Series Co-Editor since volume 31. The authors and volume

editors are a world-class group of experts in photosynthesis. As you read this, Volume 34 is now available and the last details of producing Volume 35, Genomics of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria edited by Ralph Bock and Volker Knoop will have been finished and the volume will also be available. For volume 34, see http://​www.​springerlink.​com/​content/​978-94-007-1578-3/​contents/​. With volume 35 we are making some changes to keep the books a leading HMPL-504 nmr source of information on photosynthesis Selleck PLX3397 and related energy processes. The series title is updated to include a subtitle so that it is now A dvances in P hotosynthesis and R espiration Including Bioenergy and Related Processes. This broader title reflects the growing importance of bioenergy as one of the societal needs that photosynthesis research addresses Molecular motor (photosynthesis provides food, fuel, and fiber for human existence). We have a few inquiries about a bioenergy volume but strongly encourage interested people to contact either me ([email protected]) or Govindjee

([email protected]). The front cover, which had a distinctive white background and color palette up to volume 34 has been changed to a web-friendly green background (Fig. 1). The graphic expression of the topics in each volume, which had been a major component of the front cover will move inside. Readers may also see that the past few volumes have had significantly more color and the color figures are now better integrated into the chapters, instead of being collected in one section of the book. This improvement was possible because of changes in how the books are produced. Another change is that references to chapters in books will be tracked by bibliographic services. This will help authors provide evidence of the importance of their work.

Because the temperature gradient (corresponding to the temperatur

Because the temperature gradient (corresponding to the temperature difference driving force) is small and the temperature is high in the lower left corner, the density of water in the lower left corner is thus low. For a high Rayleigh number (Ra = 1 × 105), the temperature gradient and the corresponding driving force become larger, then the lower-density water, including

that in the lower left corner, rises to the top see more right corner. The denser water is cooled by the top wall and flows downward to the lower right corner, and the area where the denser water in the lower right corner becomes larger. Figure 6 Density PSI-7977 distribution of water phase at Ra = 1 × 10 3 (a) φ = 0.01 (b) φ = 0.03 (c) φ = 0.05. Figure 7 Density distribution of water phase at Ra = 1 × 10 5 (a) φ = 0.01 (b) φ = 0.03 (c) φ = 0.05. Figures 8 and 9 respectively present the nanoparticle distribution of nanofluid with volume fractions at Ra = 1 × 103 and Ra = 1 × 105. For a low Rayleigh number (Ra = 1 × 103), the driving force along the left wall is upward, and many nanoparticles are driven to the top right corner, which contributes to the high nanoparticle volume fraction in the top right corner. However, the temperature gradient

in the lower left corner is small and causes a correspondingly small temperature difference driving force. Thus, many nanoparticles are left in the lower left corner, which contributes to the high nanoparticle volume fraction in the lower left corner. There is a large temperature gradient in the lower right corner, and the large driving force displaces the nanoparticles off the lower right corner, which buy Belnacasan contributes to the low nanoparticle volume fraction in the lower right corner. For a high Rayleigh number (Ra = 1 × 105), the convection heat transfer is enhanced and the velocity of the nanofluid becomes larger, and the temperature gradient and the corresponding driving force become bigger. Thus, many nanoparticles from the bottom are driven to the top by the driving force, which contributes to the low nanoparticle volume fraction either at the bottom and a high nanoparticle

volume fraction at the top. In addition, we can see that the nanoparticle volume fraction distribution is opposite to that of the water-phase density distribution. From Table 4, we can see that the temperature difference driving force is the biggest one, and the changes of the water-phase density and the inhomogeneous nanoparticle distribution are mainly due to the driving force. Through the above analysis, it is found that the nanoparticles migrate to locations where the water density is small, and thus, the conclusion that the nanoparticle volume fraction distribution is opposite to that of the water-phase density distribution is obtained. Figure 8 Nanoparticle volume fraction distribution at Ra = 1 × 10 3 . (a) φ = 0.01, (b) φ = 0.03, and (c) φ = 0.05.